Simple Present Tense
(A) S + V1(es/s) + O
(P) O + to be (present) + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother cooks the meal every day.
Passive : The meal is cooked by my mother every day.
Simple Past Tense
(A) S+ V2 + O
(P) O + to be (past) + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother cooked the meal yesterday.
Passive : The meal was cooked by my mother yesterday.
Present Continuous Tense
(A) S + to be (present) + V1 + ing + O
(P) ) + to be(present) + being + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother is cooking the meal at the moment.
Passive : The meal is being cooked by my mother.
Past Continuous Tense
(A) S + to be (past) + V1 + ing + O
(P) ) + to be(past) + being + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother was cooking the meal when my father came.
Passive : The meal was being cooked by my mother when my father came.
Past Perfect Tense
(A) S + have/has + V3 + O
(P) O + have/has + been + V3 + by +S
Active : My mother has cooked the meal before the children came home from school.
Passive : The meal has been cooked by my mother before the children came home from school.
Past Perfect Tense
(A) S + had + V3 + O
(P) O + had + been + V3 + by +S
Active : My mother had cooked the meal before the children came home from school.
Passive : The meal had been cooked by my mother before the children came home from school.
Modals
(A) S + modals + V1 + O
(P) O + modals + be + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother will cook the meal this afternoon.
Passive ; The meal will be cooked by my mother this afternoon.
note;
Modals : can, may will, could, would, might, etc
Change the sentences into passive form!
1. They canceled all flights because of the fog.
2. Somebody accused me of stealing the money.
3. They are building a new ring-road round the city.
4. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.
5. Brian told me that someone had attacked and robbed him in the street.
6. People should send their complaints to the head office.
7. They have changed the date of the meeting.
8. Soomebody might have stolen your car if you had left their key in it.
9. An electrical fault could have caused the fire.
10. They are going to hold next year’s congress in San Francisco.
Answer Keys
1. All flights were canceled by them because of the fog.
2. I was accused of stealing the money.
3. A new ring-road round the city is being built by them.
4. I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded.
5. Brian told me that he had been attacked and robbed in the street.
6. Their complaints should be sent to the head office.
7. The date of the meeting has been changed by them.
8. Your car might have been stolen if you had left the key in it.
9. The fire could have been caused by an electrical fault.
10. Next year’s congress is going to be held by them in San Francisco.
Kamis, 27 November 2008
Sentence Connectors
Sentences connectors : we use it to show cause and effects relationship.
Because dan Because of
1. Independent Clause Because Dependent Clause
Example : He want to bed because he was sleepy.
2. Because Dependent Clause, Independent Clause.
Example : Because he was sleepy, he want to bed.
3. Independent Clause Because Of Noun Phrase.
Example : He couldn’t go home because of the rain.
4. Because Of Noun Phrase, Independent Clause.
Because of the heavy rain, we can’t go home.
Nevertheless, consequently, therefore, however
First Sentence; however, nevertheless, therefore, consequently second sentence
First Sentence. However, Nevertheless, Therefore, Consequently) second sentence
However and Nevertheless express a contrast (pertentangan)
Example :
1. It was cold. However, we still went swimming.
2. It was cold. Nevertheless, we went swimming.
3. Vita goes on a picnic; however, Zaskia stays at home.
4. Susi got a training last month; nevertheless, she didn’t get the maximum result.
Therefore and Consequently express a result (sebab-akibat)
1. It was raining. Therefore, I stayed at home.
2. Gita didn’t study hard. Consequently, she failed the exams.
3. Dani is sick; therefore, he can’t come to Yudha’s birthday party.
4. Yuda ate too much; consequently he’s got a stomachache.
Insert because or because of to the following sentences!
1. ………………………. the weather was cold, we stayed home.
2. ………………………. the cold weather, we didn’t go out.
3. We went nowhere ………………. It was raining hard.
4. We went nowhere …………….. the heavy rain.
5. I took a bus ………… I had a flat tire.
6. I come late ………… my laziness.
7. I had to hurry …………… I got up late.
8. I can’t buy food ……….. I have no money.
9. We went swimming ….. the day was hot.
10. ………………. the final examination, we study hard.
Combine the sentences using however, nevertheless, therefore, or consequently! Use the correct punctuation.
1. Vita always studies hard. She frequently gets good marks.
2. Vito bought a pair of new shoes last week. He hasn’t worn them yet.
3. Yudha broke an expensive ceramics. He was grounded by his mother.
4. It was raining. Mr Chandra arrived at the meeting on time.
5. Zaskia has spent her money carelessly. She can’t buy any new books.
6. Yesterday Mr. Indra worked until midnight. He went to his office very early today.
7. Mr Chandra is very busy. He always has time for dinner with his family.
8. Mr Laksana has followed the guidance of the agricultural consultant. He always has fantastic harvest.
9. It was cold. Tina didn’t wear a jacket.
10. Gita didn’t use a dictionary. She made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition.
Answer Keys
Sentence Connectors
1. Because
2. Because of
3. Because
4. Because of
5. Because
6. Because of
7. Because
8. Because
9. Because
10. Because of
1. Vita always studies hard. Therefore, she frequently gets good marks.
2. Vito bought a pair of new shoes last week. However, he hasn’t worn them yet.
3. Yudha broke an expensive ceramics. Therefore, he was grounded by his mother.
4. It was raining. Nevertheless, Mr Chandra arrived at the meeting on time.
5. Zaskia has spent her money carelessly. Consequently, she can’t buy any new books.
6. Yesterday Mr. Indra worked until midnight; however, he went to his office very early today.
7. Mr Chandra is very busy; nevertheless, he always has time for dinner with his family.
8. Mr Laksana has followed the guidance of the agricultural consultant; therefore, he always has fantastic harvest.
9. It was cold; however, Tina didn’t wear a jacket.
10. Gita didn’t use a dictionary; consequently, she made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition.
Because dan Because of
1. Independent Clause Because Dependent Clause
Example : He want to bed because he was sleepy.
2. Because Dependent Clause, Independent Clause.
Example : Because he was sleepy, he want to bed.
3. Independent Clause Because Of Noun Phrase.
Example : He couldn’t go home because of the rain.
4. Because Of Noun Phrase, Independent Clause.
Because of the heavy rain, we can’t go home.
Nevertheless, consequently, therefore, however
First Sentence; however, nevertheless, therefore, consequently second sentence
First Sentence. However, Nevertheless, Therefore, Consequently) second sentence
However and Nevertheless express a contrast (pertentangan)
Example :
1. It was cold. However, we still went swimming.
2. It was cold. Nevertheless, we went swimming.
3. Vita goes on a picnic; however, Zaskia stays at home.
4. Susi got a training last month; nevertheless, she didn’t get the maximum result.
Therefore and Consequently express a result (sebab-akibat)
1. It was raining. Therefore, I stayed at home.
2. Gita didn’t study hard. Consequently, she failed the exams.
3. Dani is sick; therefore, he can’t come to Yudha’s birthday party.
4. Yuda ate too much; consequently he’s got a stomachache.
Insert because or because of to the following sentences!
1. ………………………. the weather was cold, we stayed home.
2. ………………………. the cold weather, we didn’t go out.
3. We went nowhere ………………. It was raining hard.
4. We went nowhere …………….. the heavy rain.
5. I took a bus ………… I had a flat tire.
6. I come late ………… my laziness.
7. I had to hurry …………… I got up late.
8. I can’t buy food ……….. I have no money.
9. We went swimming ….. the day was hot.
10. ………………. the final examination, we study hard.
Combine the sentences using however, nevertheless, therefore, or consequently! Use the correct punctuation.
1. Vita always studies hard. She frequently gets good marks.
2. Vito bought a pair of new shoes last week. He hasn’t worn them yet.
3. Yudha broke an expensive ceramics. He was grounded by his mother.
4. It was raining. Mr Chandra arrived at the meeting on time.
5. Zaskia has spent her money carelessly. She can’t buy any new books.
6. Yesterday Mr. Indra worked until midnight. He went to his office very early today.
7. Mr Chandra is very busy. He always has time for dinner with his family.
8. Mr Laksana has followed the guidance of the agricultural consultant. He always has fantastic harvest.
9. It was cold. Tina didn’t wear a jacket.
10. Gita didn’t use a dictionary. She made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition.
Answer Keys
Sentence Connectors
1. Because
2. Because of
3. Because
4. Because of
5. Because
6. Because of
7. Because
8. Because
9. Because
10. Because of
1. Vita always studies hard. Therefore, she frequently gets good marks.
2. Vito bought a pair of new shoes last week. However, he hasn’t worn them yet.
3. Yudha broke an expensive ceramics. Therefore, he was grounded by his mother.
4. It was raining. Nevertheless, Mr Chandra arrived at the meeting on time.
5. Zaskia has spent her money carelessly. Consequently, she can’t buy any new books.
6. Yesterday Mr. Indra worked until midnight; however, he went to his office very early today.
7. Mr Chandra is very busy; nevertheless, he always has time for dinner with his family.
8. Mr Laksana has followed the guidance of the agricultural consultant; therefore, he always has fantastic harvest.
9. It was cold; however, Tina didn’t wear a jacket.
10. Gita didn’t use a dictionary; consequently, she made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition.
Analytical Exposition
Analytical Exposition Text
Social Function/Purpose : To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case.
Generic Structure/Structure of the Text :
• Thesis
Position : introduce topic and indicates writer position.
Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented.
• Arguments
Position : restates main argument outlined in preview.
Elaboration : develops and support each point/argument.
• Reiteration : restate writer’s position.
Teks 1
Cars Should be Banned in Cities
Cars should be banned in a city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancers, and triggers off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrian in a city, which causes them to die. Cars, today, are the biggest killers in our roads.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed above.
Find Out :
1. In the writer’s opinion what do cars in a city cause?
2. What do cars emit?
3. Who mostly are the victims in car accidents?
4. Which paragraph tells you that a deadly gas from cars can cause illness?
5. What is the topic of the text?
Cars Should be Banned in Cities
Cars should be banned in a city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancers, and triggers off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrian in a city, which causes them to die. Cars, today, are the biggest killers in our roads.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed above.
Find out:
1. What does the text tell us about?
2. Identify the structure of the text!
3. Them in the second paragraph refers to ______
4. What tense mostly used in text ?
5. What is the purpose of this text?
6. What kind of text is it?
Teks 2
The importance of English Language
I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say that?
Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all over the world, either as a first or second language.
Secondly, English is also the key which opens the doors to scientific and technical knowledge, which is needed for the economic and political development of many countries in the world.
Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who masters either active or passive English are more favorable than those who don’t.
From the fact above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.
Find Out:
1. Why is it so important to learn English?
2. How did the writer elaborate his argument?
3. ‘English is the world’s most important language’. Does this statement belong to many people’s or to one person’s idea? How do you know that?
4. What is the purpose of the writer in this text?
5. Do you think everybody will agree with text? Why / Why not?
6. The statement essence in the beginning of the text is similar to the last statement of the text. What is the purpose of repeating the statement?
7. What do you call this text?
8. What tense is mostly used in the text?
Answer Keys
1. They cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
2. They emit a deadly gas.
3. The victims in car accidents mostly are pedestrians.
4. Second paragraph.
5. The problems that caused by cars.
1. It tells about the problem that caused by cars.
2. Thesis, Argument, Reiteration.
3. Refers to diseases / illnesses.
4. Present Tense.
5. The purpose is to persuade the readers or listeners with the writer’s arguments.
6. It is an Analytical Exposition text.
1. There are 3 arguments that listed above: First, It is international language as a first or second language. Second, It’s the key to scientific and technical knowledge that is needed for economic and political development of many counties in the world. Third, It’s a top requirement of those seeking jobs.
2. With the writer’s details fact and explanation for each argument.
3. It belongs to many people. From the statement that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.
4. The purpose is to persuade the listeners or the readers to realize the importance of English Language.
5. Yes, I do. Because we needed to face the other competitors.
6. To emphasize the writer’s point of view.
7. It is Analytical Text.
8. Present Tense.
Social Function/Purpose : To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case.
Generic Structure/Structure of the Text :
• Thesis
Position : introduce topic and indicates writer position.
Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented.
• Arguments
Position : restates main argument outlined in preview.
Elaboration : develops and support each point/argument.
• Reiteration : restate writer’s position.
Teks 1
Cars Should be Banned in Cities
Cars should be banned in a city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancers, and triggers off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrian in a city, which causes them to die. Cars, today, are the biggest killers in our roads.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed above.
Find Out :
1. In the writer’s opinion what do cars in a city cause?
2. What do cars emit?
3. Who mostly are the victims in car accidents?
4. Which paragraph tells you that a deadly gas from cars can cause illness?
5. What is the topic of the text?
Cars Should be Banned in Cities
Cars should be banned in a city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancers, and triggers off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrian in a city, which causes them to die. Cars, today, are the biggest killers in our roads.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed above.
Find out:
1. What does the text tell us about?
2. Identify the structure of the text!
3. Them in the second paragraph refers to ______
4. What tense mostly used in text ?
5. What is the purpose of this text?
6. What kind of text is it?
Teks 2
The importance of English Language
I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say that?
Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all over the world, either as a first or second language.
Secondly, English is also the key which opens the doors to scientific and technical knowledge, which is needed for the economic and political development of many countries in the world.
Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who masters either active or passive English are more favorable than those who don’t.
From the fact above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.
Find Out:
1. Why is it so important to learn English?
2. How did the writer elaborate his argument?
3. ‘English is the world’s most important language’. Does this statement belong to many people’s or to one person’s idea? How do you know that?
4. What is the purpose of the writer in this text?
5. Do you think everybody will agree with text? Why / Why not?
6. The statement essence in the beginning of the text is similar to the last statement of the text. What is the purpose of repeating the statement?
7. What do you call this text?
8. What tense is mostly used in the text?
Answer Keys
1. They cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
2. They emit a deadly gas.
3. The victims in car accidents mostly are pedestrians.
4. Second paragraph.
5. The problems that caused by cars.
1. It tells about the problem that caused by cars.
2. Thesis, Argument, Reiteration.
3. Refers to diseases / illnesses.
4. Present Tense.
5. The purpose is to persuade the readers or listeners with the writer’s arguments.
6. It is an Analytical Exposition text.
1. There are 3 arguments that listed above: First, It is international language as a first or second language. Second, It’s the key to scientific and technical knowledge that is needed for economic and political development of many counties in the world. Third, It’s a top requirement of those seeking jobs.
2. With the writer’s details fact and explanation for each argument.
3. It belongs to many people. From the statement that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.
4. The purpose is to persuade the listeners or the readers to realize the importance of English Language.
5. Yes, I do. Because we needed to face the other competitors.
6. To emphasize the writer’s point of view.
7. It is Analytical Text.
8. Present Tense.
Sabtu, 15 November 2008
Relative Clause / Relative Pronouns
Relative clauses are introduce by relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) or relative adverbs (when, where, why)
Relative Pronouns Example
Who - people
(changed the subject at the second sentence) I saw the boy.
He could ride his bike without using his hands.
I saw the boy who could ride his bike without using his hands.
Whom - people
(change the object at the second sentence) Helen is the girl.
I met her at the party last night
Helen is the girl whom I met at the party last night.
Whose – possession
(change the possession at the second sentence) She knows the man.
His car was stolen yesterday
She knows the man whose car was stolen yesterday.
Which – noun
(changed noun at the second sentence) He has written a book.
It is about Javanese history.
He has written a book which is about Javanese history.
When – time I was walking home from school.
I saw a kitten in a drain.
I was walking home from school when I saw a kitten in a drain.
Where – place This is the shop.
I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
This is the shop where I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
A. Combine each pair of sentences, making the second sentence into a relative clause!
1. The environment can communicate discomfort.
The architects have created the environment.
2. The people are from California.
I met them at a party last night.
3. I want the TV.
I saw it in the store window yesterday.
4. There is the house.
I like it.
5. The couch has a high back.
I want to buy the couch.
6. I know the furniture store.
You want to visit it.
7. The seating arrangement was pleasant.
The architect designed it.
8. The kitchen cabinets were too high.
The architect designed them.
B. Complete the blanks using suitable relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
Sherlock Holmes, (1) ________ name is well-known, didn’t really exist. However, for many people (2)______ have read his adventures, he might as well have been a real person.
The man (3) ______ created Homes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, born in Edinburg in 1809. He trained as a doctor, but found he could earn more money by writing than by practicing medicine. He wrote not only stories about Holmes, but many other books (4) _______ people also liked. However, it is for the detectives stories (5) _____ he wrote that he is best remembered.
The place (6) _____ the Holmes mysteries are set is Victorian England. Holmes, (7) ______ is a brilliant detective; use his intelligence and scientific knowledge to solve the mysteries.
Even though Doyle wrote many Holmes mysteries, we’ll never know the reason (8)_______ he gave us so little information about Holmes private life. All the books were written in the first person, not by Holmes, but by his assistant. Dr Watson, (9) _______ knowledge of his master’s private life was limited.
Answer Keys
1. The environment which the architects have created can communicate discomfort.
2. The people whom I met at a party last night are from California.
3. I want the TV which I saw in the store window yesterday.
4. There is the house which I like.
5. The couch which I want to buy has a high back.
6. I know the furniture store which you want to visit.
7. The seating arrangement which the architect designed was pleasant.
8. The kitchen cabinets which the architect designed were too high.
1. Whose
2. Who
3. Who
4. Which
5. Which
6. Where
7. Who
8. Why
9. Whose
Relative Pronouns Example
Who - people
(changed the subject at the second sentence) I saw the boy.
He could ride his bike without using his hands.
I saw the boy who could ride his bike without using his hands.
Whom - people
(change the object at the second sentence) Helen is the girl.
I met her at the party last night
Helen is the girl whom I met at the party last night.
Whose – possession
(change the possession at the second sentence) She knows the man.
His car was stolen yesterday
She knows the man whose car was stolen yesterday.
Which – noun
(changed noun at the second sentence) He has written a book.
It is about Javanese history.
He has written a book which is about Javanese history.
When – time I was walking home from school.
I saw a kitten in a drain.
I was walking home from school when I saw a kitten in a drain.
Where – place This is the shop.
I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
This is the shop where I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
A. Combine each pair of sentences, making the second sentence into a relative clause!
1. The environment can communicate discomfort.
The architects have created the environment.
2. The people are from California.
I met them at a party last night.
3. I want the TV.
I saw it in the store window yesterday.
4. There is the house.
I like it.
5. The couch has a high back.
I want to buy the couch.
6. I know the furniture store.
You want to visit it.
7. The seating arrangement was pleasant.
The architect designed it.
8. The kitchen cabinets were too high.
The architect designed them.
B. Complete the blanks using suitable relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
Sherlock Holmes, (1) ________ name is well-known, didn’t really exist. However, for many people (2)______ have read his adventures, he might as well have been a real person.
The man (3) ______ created Homes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, born in Edinburg in 1809. He trained as a doctor, but found he could earn more money by writing than by practicing medicine. He wrote not only stories about Holmes, but many other books (4) _______ people also liked. However, it is for the detectives stories (5) _____ he wrote that he is best remembered.
The place (6) _____ the Holmes mysteries are set is Victorian England. Holmes, (7) ______ is a brilliant detective; use his intelligence and scientific knowledge to solve the mysteries.
Even though Doyle wrote many Holmes mysteries, we’ll never know the reason (8)_______ he gave us so little information about Holmes private life. All the books were written in the first person, not by Holmes, but by his assistant. Dr Watson, (9) _______ knowledge of his master’s private life was limited.
Answer Keys
1. The environment which the architects have created can communicate discomfort.
2. The people whom I met at a party last night are from California.
3. I want the TV which I saw in the store window yesterday.
4. There is the house which I like.
5. The couch which I want to buy has a high back.
6. I know the furniture store which you want to visit.
7. The seating arrangement which the architect designed was pleasant.
8. The kitchen cabinets which the architect designed were too high.
1. Whose
2. Who
3. Who
4. Which
5. Which
6. Where
7. Who
8. Why
9. Whose
Preposition of Time
Preposition of time
Preposition Meaning Example
During Within a period of time During our vacation, we visited many relatives across the country.
From … to … Indicating the beginning and the ending time I lived in Bandung from 1972 to 1978
In o part of the day
o month
o season
o year
o decades
o century • in the morning
• in February
• in summer
• in 1998
• in the 1980s
• in the 20th century
at o clock time
o night
o holiday periods • at 5 o’clock
• at night
• at the weekend
on o day of the week
o date
o particular day • on Saturday
• on the 20th May
• on New Year’s Day
• on my birthday
by before a certain time I had been there by 7 p.m.
since indicating the beginning of a time I have learnt English since 1970
for indicating duration of time I have slept for two hours
A. Complete these sentences using at, in, or on!
1. I’ll come around ________ six o’clock.
2. The war began ____________September 1939 and ended ________ 1945.
3. The program is ______ six o’clock _______ Saturday evening.
4. In Europe we have our weekend break Saturday and Sunday, but _____ the Middle East the weekend is _____ Thursday and Friday.
5. __________ New Year’s day, we usually go to our grandmother’s house.
B. Use the prepositions and adverbs in brackets to complete the following sentences!
1. I had to work _______ the summer holidays ________ the beginning of July.__________ the end of August (from/until/during)
2. We got married ________ 1970 so we have been married ________ more than twenty years now. (for/in)
3. I should have handed in my homework a week ________. My teacher isn’t very pleased. She says I must finish it _____ six o’clock ______ Monday at the latest. (by/on/ago)
4. The last time we went to England was _____ 1983, that’s nearly ten years ______. We haven’t been back ______then even though our friend have often invited us. (since/in/ago)
5. My parents lived in Liverpool ________ 1960 __________1975. ________1978, when I was born, they had moved to Birmingham. (by/until/from).
Answer Keys
1. At
2. In, in
3. At, on
4. In, on
5. On
1. During, from, until
2. In, for
3. Ago, by, on
4. In, ago, since
5. From, until, by
Preposition Meaning Example
During Within a period of time During our vacation, we visited many relatives across the country.
From … to … Indicating the beginning and the ending time I lived in Bandung from 1972 to 1978
In o part of the day
o month
o season
o year
o decades
o century • in the morning
• in February
• in summer
• in 1998
• in the 1980s
• in the 20th century
at o clock time
o night
o holiday periods • at 5 o’clock
• at night
• at the weekend
on o day of the week
o date
o particular day • on Saturday
• on the 20th May
• on New Year’s Day
• on my birthday
by before a certain time I had been there by 7 p.m.
since indicating the beginning of a time I have learnt English since 1970
for indicating duration of time I have slept for two hours
A. Complete these sentences using at, in, or on!
1. I’ll come around ________ six o’clock.
2. The war began ____________September 1939 and ended ________ 1945.
3. The program is ______ six o’clock _______ Saturday evening.
4. In Europe we have our weekend break Saturday and Sunday, but _____ the Middle East the weekend is _____ Thursday and Friday.
5. __________ New Year’s day, we usually go to our grandmother’s house.
B. Use the prepositions and adverbs in brackets to complete the following sentences!
1. I had to work _______ the summer holidays ________ the beginning of July.__________ the end of August (from/until/during)
2. We got married ________ 1970 so we have been married ________ more than twenty years now. (for/in)
3. I should have handed in my homework a week ________. My teacher isn’t very pleased. She says I must finish it _____ six o’clock ______ Monday at the latest. (by/on/ago)
4. The last time we went to England was _____ 1983, that’s nearly ten years ______. We haven’t been back ______then even though our friend have often invited us. (since/in/ago)
5. My parents lived in Liverpool ________ 1960 __________1975. ________1978, when I was born, they had moved to Birmingham. (by/until/from).
Answer Keys
1. At
2. In, in
3. At, on
4. In, on
5. On
1. During, from, until
2. In, for
3. Ago, by, on
4. In, ago, since
5. From, until, by
Conditional Sentence
Conditional Sentences
Conditionals are statements with if or unless. You can use conditional clauses to talk about a possible situation and its results.
There are 2 kinds of Conditionals :
1. Real/ Factual conditionals : When you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the future, you use this type of conditional
• If + subject + verb 1 + object, subject + auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object
• Subject + auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object + if + subject + verb 1 + object
Note : - auxiliary verbs that can be used to describe a real possibility are can, must, will, may.
Example :
a. If you need rice, salt and sugar, you can buy them at the market.
b. If they like fresh vegetables, they must buy them at the market.
2. Unreal/ contrary-to-fact conditionals : When you are talking about something that you think is unlikely/impossible to happen, you use this type of conditional.
• If + subject + past verb + object, subject + past auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object
• Subject + past auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object + if + subject + past verb + object
Note : - Past form of to be in unreal present condition or imaginary is were not was.
- Past auxiliary verbs : could, should, would, and might.
Example :
a. If I were you, I would continue my study
Means/the fact : I am not you, so I will not continue my study.
b. Etty would come to the party if I invited her.
Means/the fact : I don’t invite her, so Etty will not come to the party.
A. Complete the following sentences by changing the verbs in the brackets.
Example : If Winarni left me, I ______ (be) sad.
If Winarni left me, I would be sad.
1. Many workers would be out of work if the company ________(close) down.
2. If the lady sold her house, she ________ (not/got) much money for it.
3. Would you be angry if I _______(borrow) your book.
4. Yenni would be disappointed if you ________(not/come)
5. Renni might be annoyed if they _______(ridicule) her.
B. Answer these questions like the example.
Example : Is she going to meet you? (Her mother) be angry
No, if she met you, her mothe would be angry.
1. Is Rudi going to join the camping? (he/make troble)
No, if he ____________________________________
2. Are you going to take Etty to Bali? (Ann/be jealous)
No, if I ___________________________________
3. Are you going to find a job? (I/leave my grandma)
No, if I __________________________________
4. Is Tuti going to study in University? (she/have much money)
No, if she __________________________
5. Are they going to bed now? (they/not/sleep)
No, if they ____________________________
C. Find the meanings of the following sentences.
Example : If she were a butterfly, I would be its wings.
She is not a butterfly, and I will not be its wings.
1. If I were rich, I would spend all my time traveling.
2. She might be sleepy if she didn’t drink coffee.
3. If the price of ticket were low, people could buy it.
4. Julie would be happy if she got married.
5. They might be angry if I didn’t meet them.
Answer Keys
1. Closed
2. Would not get
3. Borrowed
4. Didn’t come
5. Ridiculed
1. If he joined the camping, he would make a trouble.
2. If I took Etty to Bali, Ann would be jealous.
3. If I found a job, I might leave my grandma.
4. If she studied in University, she might have much money.
5. If they were in bed now, they might not sleep.
1. I am not rich, and I won’t spend all my time traveling.
2. She doesn’t drink coffee, so she may not be sleepy.
3. The price of ticket isn’t low and people can’t buy it.
4. Julie doesn’t get married so she will not be happy.
5. I meet them and they may not be angry.
Conditionals are statements with if or unless. You can use conditional clauses to talk about a possible situation and its results.
There are 2 kinds of Conditionals :
1. Real/ Factual conditionals : When you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the future, you use this type of conditional
• If + subject + verb 1 + object, subject + auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object
• Subject + auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object + if + subject + verb 1 + object
Note : - auxiliary verbs that can be used to describe a real possibility are can, must, will, may.
Example :
a. If you need rice, salt and sugar, you can buy them at the market.
b. If they like fresh vegetables, they must buy them at the market.
2. Unreal/ contrary-to-fact conditionals : When you are talking about something that you think is unlikely/impossible to happen, you use this type of conditional.
• If + subject + past verb + object, subject + past auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object
• Subject + past auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object + if + subject + past verb + object
Note : - Past form of to be in unreal present condition or imaginary is were not was.
- Past auxiliary verbs : could, should, would, and might.
Example :
a. If I were you, I would continue my study
Means/the fact : I am not you, so I will not continue my study.
b. Etty would come to the party if I invited her.
Means/the fact : I don’t invite her, so Etty will not come to the party.
A. Complete the following sentences by changing the verbs in the brackets.
Example : If Winarni left me, I ______ (be) sad.
If Winarni left me, I would be sad.
1. Many workers would be out of work if the company ________(close) down.
2. If the lady sold her house, she ________ (not/got) much money for it.
3. Would you be angry if I _______(borrow) your book.
4. Yenni would be disappointed if you ________(not/come)
5. Renni might be annoyed if they _______(ridicule) her.
B. Answer these questions like the example.
Example : Is she going to meet you? (Her mother) be angry
No, if she met you, her mothe would be angry.
1. Is Rudi going to join the camping? (he/make troble)
No, if he ____________________________________
2. Are you going to take Etty to Bali? (Ann/be jealous)
No, if I ___________________________________
3. Are you going to find a job? (I/leave my grandma)
No, if I __________________________________
4. Is Tuti going to study in University? (she/have much money)
No, if she __________________________
5. Are they going to bed now? (they/not/sleep)
No, if they ____________________________
C. Find the meanings of the following sentences.
Example : If she were a butterfly, I would be its wings.
She is not a butterfly, and I will not be its wings.
1. If I were rich, I would spend all my time traveling.
2. She might be sleepy if she didn’t drink coffee.
3. If the price of ticket were low, people could buy it.
4. Julie would be happy if she got married.
5. They might be angry if I didn’t meet them.
Answer Keys
1. Closed
2. Would not get
3. Borrowed
4. Didn’t come
5. Ridiculed
1. If he joined the camping, he would make a trouble.
2. If I took Etty to Bali, Ann would be jealous.
3. If I found a job, I might leave my grandma.
4. If she studied in University, she might have much money.
5. If they were in bed now, they might not sleep.
1. I am not rich, and I won’t spend all my time traveling.
2. She doesn’t drink coffee, so she may not be sleepy.
3. The price of ticket isn’t low and people can’t buy it.
4. Julie doesn’t get married so she will not be happy.
5. I meet them and they may not be angry.
Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense
Name of tense Pattern Time references
Past Tense
a. Verb pattern
(+) S + V2
(-) S + did not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1 ?
b. Be pattern
(+) S + was/were + Noun/Adj/Adv
(-) S + was/were not + Noun/Adj/Adv
(?) Was/Were + S + Noun/Adj/Adv ?
yesterday
last ….
…. ago
this morning
In … (past years)
Function : To show a single event do ne in the past
Example :
1. Verb pattern
(+) Andi went to Solo last night.
(-) Andi did not go to Solo last night.
(?) Did Andi go to Solo last night?
2. Be pattern
(+) Rina was here yesterday
(-) Rina was not here yesterday
(?) Was Rina here yesterday?
Change the verb in the bracket into correct Simple Past Tense
Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She 1 ______(live) with her stepsisters and stepmother. They 2_____(be) very bossy. She 3_____(have) to do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball 4_____(come) to the family. Her step sisters 5_________(not, let) her go, so Cinderella 6_______(be) very sad, the step sisters 7_______(go) to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and 8______(help) her to go the ball. At the ball, Cinderella 9_________(dance) with the prince. The prince 10________(fall) in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.
Answer Keys
Simple Past Tense
1. Lived
2. Were
3. Had
4. Came
5. Did not let
6. Was
7. Went
8. Helped
9. Danced
10. Felt
Name of tense Pattern Time references
Past Tense
a. Verb pattern
(+) S + V2
(-) S + did not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1 ?
b. Be pattern
(+) S + was/were + Noun/Adj/Adv
(-) S + was/were not + Noun/Adj/Adv
(?) Was/Were + S + Noun/Adj/Adv ?
yesterday
last ….
…. ago
this morning
In … (past years)
Function : To show a single event do ne in the past
Example :
1. Verb pattern
(+) Andi went to Solo last night.
(-) Andi did not go to Solo last night.
(?) Did Andi go to Solo last night?
2. Be pattern
(+) Rina was here yesterday
(-) Rina was not here yesterday
(?) Was Rina here yesterday?
Change the verb in the bracket into correct Simple Past Tense
Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She 1 ______(live) with her stepsisters and stepmother. They 2_____(be) very bossy. She 3_____(have) to do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball 4_____(come) to the family. Her step sisters 5_________(not, let) her go, so Cinderella 6_______(be) very sad, the step sisters 7_______(go) to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and 8______(help) her to go the ball. At the ball, Cinderella 9_________(dance) with the prince. The prince 10________(fall) in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.
Answer Keys
Simple Past Tense
1. Lived
2. Were
3. Had
4. Came
5. Did not let
6. Was
7. Went
8. Helped
9. Danced
10. Felt
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