Simple Present Tense
(A) S + V1(es/s) + O
(P) O + to be (present) + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother cooks the meal every day.
Passive : The meal is cooked by my mother every day.
Simple Past Tense
(A) S+ V2 + O
(P) O + to be (past) + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother cooked the meal yesterday.
Passive : The meal was cooked by my mother yesterday.
Present Continuous Tense
(A) S + to be (present) + V1 + ing + O
(P) ) + to be(present) + being + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother is cooking the meal at the moment.
Passive : The meal is being cooked by my mother.
Past Continuous Tense
(A) S + to be (past) + V1 + ing + O
(P) ) + to be(past) + being + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother was cooking the meal when my father came.
Passive : The meal was being cooked by my mother when my father came.
Past Perfect Tense
(A) S + have/has + V3 + O
(P) O + have/has + been + V3 + by +S
Active : My mother has cooked the meal before the children came home from school.
Passive : The meal has been cooked by my mother before the children came home from school.
Past Perfect Tense
(A) S + had + V3 + O
(P) O + had + been + V3 + by +S
Active : My mother had cooked the meal before the children came home from school.
Passive : The meal had been cooked by my mother before the children came home from school.
Modals
(A) S + modals + V1 + O
(P) O + modals + be + V3 + by + S
Active : My mother will cook the meal this afternoon.
Passive ; The meal will be cooked by my mother this afternoon.
note;
Modals : can, may will, could, would, might, etc
Change the sentences into passive form!
1. They canceled all flights because of the fog.
2. Somebody accused me of stealing the money.
3. They are building a new ring-road round the city.
4. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our conversation.
5. Brian told me that someone had attacked and robbed him in the street.
6. People should send their complaints to the head office.
7. They have changed the date of the meeting.
8. Soomebody might have stolen your car if you had left their key in it.
9. An electrical fault could have caused the fire.
10. They are going to hold next year’s congress in San Francisco.
Answer Keys
1. All flights were canceled by them because of the fog.
2. I was accused of stealing the money.
3. A new ring-road round the city is being built by them.
4. I didn’t realize that our conversation was being recorded.
5. Brian told me that he had been attacked and robbed in the street.
6. Their complaints should be sent to the head office.
7. The date of the meeting has been changed by them.
8. Your car might have been stolen if you had left the key in it.
9. The fire could have been caused by an electrical fault.
10. Next year’s congress is going to be held by them in San Francisco.
Kamis, 27 November 2008
Sentence Connectors
Sentences connectors : we use it to show cause and effects relationship.
Because dan Because of
1. Independent Clause Because Dependent Clause
Example : He want to bed because he was sleepy.
2. Because Dependent Clause, Independent Clause.
Example : Because he was sleepy, he want to bed.
3. Independent Clause Because Of Noun Phrase.
Example : He couldn’t go home because of the rain.
4. Because Of Noun Phrase, Independent Clause.
Because of the heavy rain, we can’t go home.
Nevertheless, consequently, therefore, however
First Sentence; however, nevertheless, therefore, consequently second sentence
First Sentence. However, Nevertheless, Therefore, Consequently) second sentence
However and Nevertheless express a contrast (pertentangan)
Example :
1. It was cold. However, we still went swimming.
2. It was cold. Nevertheless, we went swimming.
3. Vita goes on a picnic; however, Zaskia stays at home.
4. Susi got a training last month; nevertheless, she didn’t get the maximum result.
Therefore and Consequently express a result (sebab-akibat)
1. It was raining. Therefore, I stayed at home.
2. Gita didn’t study hard. Consequently, she failed the exams.
3. Dani is sick; therefore, he can’t come to Yudha’s birthday party.
4. Yuda ate too much; consequently he’s got a stomachache.
Insert because or because of to the following sentences!
1. ………………………. the weather was cold, we stayed home.
2. ………………………. the cold weather, we didn’t go out.
3. We went nowhere ………………. It was raining hard.
4. We went nowhere …………….. the heavy rain.
5. I took a bus ………… I had a flat tire.
6. I come late ………… my laziness.
7. I had to hurry …………… I got up late.
8. I can’t buy food ……….. I have no money.
9. We went swimming ….. the day was hot.
10. ………………. the final examination, we study hard.
Combine the sentences using however, nevertheless, therefore, or consequently! Use the correct punctuation.
1. Vita always studies hard. She frequently gets good marks.
2. Vito bought a pair of new shoes last week. He hasn’t worn them yet.
3. Yudha broke an expensive ceramics. He was grounded by his mother.
4. It was raining. Mr Chandra arrived at the meeting on time.
5. Zaskia has spent her money carelessly. She can’t buy any new books.
6. Yesterday Mr. Indra worked until midnight. He went to his office very early today.
7. Mr Chandra is very busy. He always has time for dinner with his family.
8. Mr Laksana has followed the guidance of the agricultural consultant. He always has fantastic harvest.
9. It was cold. Tina didn’t wear a jacket.
10. Gita didn’t use a dictionary. She made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition.
Answer Keys
Sentence Connectors
1. Because
2. Because of
3. Because
4. Because of
5. Because
6. Because of
7. Because
8. Because
9. Because
10. Because of
1. Vita always studies hard. Therefore, she frequently gets good marks.
2. Vito bought a pair of new shoes last week. However, he hasn’t worn them yet.
3. Yudha broke an expensive ceramics. Therefore, he was grounded by his mother.
4. It was raining. Nevertheless, Mr Chandra arrived at the meeting on time.
5. Zaskia has spent her money carelessly. Consequently, she can’t buy any new books.
6. Yesterday Mr. Indra worked until midnight; however, he went to his office very early today.
7. Mr Chandra is very busy; nevertheless, he always has time for dinner with his family.
8. Mr Laksana has followed the guidance of the agricultural consultant; therefore, he always has fantastic harvest.
9. It was cold; however, Tina didn’t wear a jacket.
10. Gita didn’t use a dictionary; consequently, she made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition.
Because dan Because of
1. Independent Clause Because Dependent Clause
Example : He want to bed because he was sleepy.
2. Because Dependent Clause, Independent Clause.
Example : Because he was sleepy, he want to bed.
3. Independent Clause Because Of Noun Phrase.
Example : He couldn’t go home because of the rain.
4. Because Of Noun Phrase, Independent Clause.
Because of the heavy rain, we can’t go home.
Nevertheless, consequently, therefore, however
First Sentence; however, nevertheless, therefore, consequently second sentence
First Sentence. However, Nevertheless, Therefore, Consequently) second sentence
However and Nevertheless express a contrast (pertentangan)
Example :
1. It was cold. However, we still went swimming.
2. It was cold. Nevertheless, we went swimming.
3. Vita goes on a picnic; however, Zaskia stays at home.
4. Susi got a training last month; nevertheless, she didn’t get the maximum result.
Therefore and Consequently express a result (sebab-akibat)
1. It was raining. Therefore, I stayed at home.
2. Gita didn’t study hard. Consequently, she failed the exams.
3. Dani is sick; therefore, he can’t come to Yudha’s birthday party.
4. Yuda ate too much; consequently he’s got a stomachache.
Insert because or because of to the following sentences!
1. ………………………. the weather was cold, we stayed home.
2. ………………………. the cold weather, we didn’t go out.
3. We went nowhere ………………. It was raining hard.
4. We went nowhere …………….. the heavy rain.
5. I took a bus ………… I had a flat tire.
6. I come late ………… my laziness.
7. I had to hurry …………… I got up late.
8. I can’t buy food ……….. I have no money.
9. We went swimming ….. the day was hot.
10. ………………. the final examination, we study hard.
Combine the sentences using however, nevertheless, therefore, or consequently! Use the correct punctuation.
1. Vita always studies hard. She frequently gets good marks.
2. Vito bought a pair of new shoes last week. He hasn’t worn them yet.
3. Yudha broke an expensive ceramics. He was grounded by his mother.
4. It was raining. Mr Chandra arrived at the meeting on time.
5. Zaskia has spent her money carelessly. She can’t buy any new books.
6. Yesterday Mr. Indra worked until midnight. He went to his office very early today.
7. Mr Chandra is very busy. He always has time for dinner with his family.
8. Mr Laksana has followed the guidance of the agricultural consultant. He always has fantastic harvest.
9. It was cold. Tina didn’t wear a jacket.
10. Gita didn’t use a dictionary. She made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition.
Answer Keys
Sentence Connectors
1. Because
2. Because of
3. Because
4. Because of
5. Because
6. Because of
7. Because
8. Because
9. Because
10. Because of
1. Vita always studies hard. Therefore, she frequently gets good marks.
2. Vito bought a pair of new shoes last week. However, he hasn’t worn them yet.
3. Yudha broke an expensive ceramics. Therefore, he was grounded by his mother.
4. It was raining. Nevertheless, Mr Chandra arrived at the meeting on time.
5. Zaskia has spent her money carelessly. Consequently, she can’t buy any new books.
6. Yesterday Mr. Indra worked until midnight; however, he went to his office very early today.
7. Mr Chandra is very busy; nevertheless, he always has time for dinner with his family.
8. Mr Laksana has followed the guidance of the agricultural consultant; therefore, he always has fantastic harvest.
9. It was cold; however, Tina didn’t wear a jacket.
10. Gita didn’t use a dictionary; consequently, she made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition.
Analytical Exposition
Analytical Exposition Text
Social Function/Purpose : To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case.
Generic Structure/Structure of the Text :
• Thesis
Position : introduce topic and indicates writer position.
Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented.
• Arguments
Position : restates main argument outlined in preview.
Elaboration : develops and support each point/argument.
• Reiteration : restate writer’s position.
Teks 1
Cars Should be Banned in Cities
Cars should be banned in a city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancers, and triggers off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrian in a city, which causes them to die. Cars, today, are the biggest killers in our roads.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed above.
Find Out :
1. In the writer’s opinion what do cars in a city cause?
2. What do cars emit?
3. Who mostly are the victims in car accidents?
4. Which paragraph tells you that a deadly gas from cars can cause illness?
5. What is the topic of the text?
Cars Should be Banned in Cities
Cars should be banned in a city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancers, and triggers off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrian in a city, which causes them to die. Cars, today, are the biggest killers in our roads.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed above.
Find out:
1. What does the text tell us about?
2. Identify the structure of the text!
3. Them in the second paragraph refers to ______
4. What tense mostly used in text ?
5. What is the purpose of this text?
6. What kind of text is it?
Teks 2
The importance of English Language
I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say that?
Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all over the world, either as a first or second language.
Secondly, English is also the key which opens the doors to scientific and technical knowledge, which is needed for the economic and political development of many countries in the world.
Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who masters either active or passive English are more favorable than those who don’t.
From the fact above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.
Find Out:
1. Why is it so important to learn English?
2. How did the writer elaborate his argument?
3. ‘English is the world’s most important language’. Does this statement belong to many people’s or to one person’s idea? How do you know that?
4. What is the purpose of the writer in this text?
5. Do you think everybody will agree with text? Why / Why not?
6. The statement essence in the beginning of the text is similar to the last statement of the text. What is the purpose of repeating the statement?
7. What do you call this text?
8. What tense is mostly used in the text?
Answer Keys
1. They cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
2. They emit a deadly gas.
3. The victims in car accidents mostly are pedestrians.
4. Second paragraph.
5. The problems that caused by cars.
1. It tells about the problem that caused by cars.
2. Thesis, Argument, Reiteration.
3. Refers to diseases / illnesses.
4. Present Tense.
5. The purpose is to persuade the readers or listeners with the writer’s arguments.
6. It is an Analytical Exposition text.
1. There are 3 arguments that listed above: First, It is international language as a first or second language. Second, It’s the key to scientific and technical knowledge that is needed for economic and political development of many counties in the world. Third, It’s a top requirement of those seeking jobs.
2. With the writer’s details fact and explanation for each argument.
3. It belongs to many people. From the statement that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.
4. The purpose is to persuade the listeners or the readers to realize the importance of English Language.
5. Yes, I do. Because we needed to face the other competitors.
6. To emphasize the writer’s point of view.
7. It is Analytical Text.
8. Present Tense.
Social Function/Purpose : To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case.
Generic Structure/Structure of the Text :
• Thesis
Position : introduce topic and indicates writer position.
Preview : outlines the main arguments to be presented.
• Arguments
Position : restates main argument outlined in preview.
Elaboration : develops and support each point/argument.
• Reiteration : restate writer’s position.
Teks 1
Cars Should be Banned in Cities
Cars should be banned in a city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancers, and triggers off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrian in a city, which causes them to die. Cars, today, are the biggest killers in our roads.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed above.
Find Out :
1. In the writer’s opinion what do cars in a city cause?
2. What do cars emit?
3. Who mostly are the victims in car accidents?
4. Which paragraph tells you that a deadly gas from cars can cause illness?
5. What is the topic of the text?
Cars Should be Banned in Cities
Cars should be banned in a city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancers, and triggers off asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrian in a city, which causes them to die. Cars, today, are the biggest killers in our roads.
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.
In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed above.
Find out:
1. What does the text tell us about?
2. Identify the structure of the text!
3. Them in the second paragraph refers to ______
4. What tense mostly used in text ?
5. What is the purpose of this text?
6. What kind of text is it?
Teks 2
The importance of English Language
I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say that?
Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all over the world, either as a first or second language.
Secondly, English is also the key which opens the doors to scientific and technical knowledge, which is needed for the economic and political development of many countries in the world.
Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who masters either active or passive English are more favorable than those who don’t.
From the fact above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.
Find Out:
1. Why is it so important to learn English?
2. How did the writer elaborate his argument?
3. ‘English is the world’s most important language’. Does this statement belong to many people’s or to one person’s idea? How do you know that?
4. What is the purpose of the writer in this text?
5. Do you think everybody will agree with text? Why / Why not?
6. The statement essence in the beginning of the text is similar to the last statement of the text. What is the purpose of repeating the statement?
7. What do you call this text?
8. What tense is mostly used in the text?
Answer Keys
1. They cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.
2. They emit a deadly gas.
3. The victims in car accidents mostly are pedestrians.
4. Second paragraph.
5. The problems that caused by cars.
1. It tells about the problem that caused by cars.
2. Thesis, Argument, Reiteration.
3. Refers to diseases / illnesses.
4. Present Tense.
5. The purpose is to persuade the readers or listeners with the writer’s arguments.
6. It is an Analytical Exposition text.
1. There are 3 arguments that listed above: First, It is international language as a first or second language. Second, It’s the key to scientific and technical knowledge that is needed for economic and political development of many counties in the world. Third, It’s a top requirement of those seeking jobs.
2. With the writer’s details fact and explanation for each argument.
3. It belongs to many people. From the statement that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.
4. The purpose is to persuade the listeners or the readers to realize the importance of English Language.
5. Yes, I do. Because we needed to face the other competitors.
6. To emphasize the writer’s point of view.
7. It is Analytical Text.
8. Present Tense.
Sabtu, 15 November 2008
Relative Clause / Relative Pronouns
Relative clauses are introduce by relative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, that) or relative adverbs (when, where, why)
Relative Pronouns Example
Who - people
(changed the subject at the second sentence) I saw the boy.
He could ride his bike without using his hands.
I saw the boy who could ride his bike without using his hands.
Whom - people
(change the object at the second sentence) Helen is the girl.
I met her at the party last night
Helen is the girl whom I met at the party last night.
Whose – possession
(change the possession at the second sentence) She knows the man.
His car was stolen yesterday
She knows the man whose car was stolen yesterday.
Which – noun
(changed noun at the second sentence) He has written a book.
It is about Javanese history.
He has written a book which is about Javanese history.
When – time I was walking home from school.
I saw a kitten in a drain.
I was walking home from school when I saw a kitten in a drain.
Where – place This is the shop.
I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
This is the shop where I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
A. Combine each pair of sentences, making the second sentence into a relative clause!
1. The environment can communicate discomfort.
The architects have created the environment.
2. The people are from California.
I met them at a party last night.
3. I want the TV.
I saw it in the store window yesterday.
4. There is the house.
I like it.
5. The couch has a high back.
I want to buy the couch.
6. I know the furniture store.
You want to visit it.
7. The seating arrangement was pleasant.
The architect designed it.
8. The kitchen cabinets were too high.
The architect designed them.
B. Complete the blanks using suitable relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
Sherlock Holmes, (1) ________ name is well-known, didn’t really exist. However, for many people (2)______ have read his adventures, he might as well have been a real person.
The man (3) ______ created Homes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, born in Edinburg in 1809. He trained as a doctor, but found he could earn more money by writing than by practicing medicine. He wrote not only stories about Holmes, but many other books (4) _______ people also liked. However, it is for the detectives stories (5) _____ he wrote that he is best remembered.
The place (6) _____ the Holmes mysteries are set is Victorian England. Holmes, (7) ______ is a brilliant detective; use his intelligence and scientific knowledge to solve the mysteries.
Even though Doyle wrote many Holmes mysteries, we’ll never know the reason (8)_______ he gave us so little information about Holmes private life. All the books were written in the first person, not by Holmes, but by his assistant. Dr Watson, (9) _______ knowledge of his master’s private life was limited.
Answer Keys
1. The environment which the architects have created can communicate discomfort.
2. The people whom I met at a party last night are from California.
3. I want the TV which I saw in the store window yesterday.
4. There is the house which I like.
5. The couch which I want to buy has a high back.
6. I know the furniture store which you want to visit.
7. The seating arrangement which the architect designed was pleasant.
8. The kitchen cabinets which the architect designed were too high.
1. Whose
2. Who
3. Who
4. Which
5. Which
6. Where
7. Who
8. Why
9. Whose
Relative Pronouns Example
Who - people
(changed the subject at the second sentence) I saw the boy.
He could ride his bike without using his hands.
I saw the boy who could ride his bike without using his hands.
Whom - people
(change the object at the second sentence) Helen is the girl.
I met her at the party last night
Helen is the girl whom I met at the party last night.
Whose – possession
(change the possession at the second sentence) She knows the man.
His car was stolen yesterday
She knows the man whose car was stolen yesterday.
Which – noun
(changed noun at the second sentence) He has written a book.
It is about Javanese history.
He has written a book which is about Javanese history.
When – time I was walking home from school.
I saw a kitten in a drain.
I was walking home from school when I saw a kitten in a drain.
Where – place This is the shop.
I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
This is the shop where I bought several postcards in that shop yesterday.
A. Combine each pair of sentences, making the second sentence into a relative clause!
1. The environment can communicate discomfort.
The architects have created the environment.
2. The people are from California.
I met them at a party last night.
3. I want the TV.
I saw it in the store window yesterday.
4. There is the house.
I like it.
5. The couch has a high back.
I want to buy the couch.
6. I know the furniture store.
You want to visit it.
7. The seating arrangement was pleasant.
The architect designed it.
8. The kitchen cabinets were too high.
The architect designed them.
B. Complete the blanks using suitable relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
Sherlock Holmes, (1) ________ name is well-known, didn’t really exist. However, for many people (2)______ have read his adventures, he might as well have been a real person.
The man (3) ______ created Homes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, born in Edinburg in 1809. He trained as a doctor, but found he could earn more money by writing than by practicing medicine. He wrote not only stories about Holmes, but many other books (4) _______ people also liked. However, it is for the detectives stories (5) _____ he wrote that he is best remembered.
The place (6) _____ the Holmes mysteries are set is Victorian England. Holmes, (7) ______ is a brilliant detective; use his intelligence and scientific knowledge to solve the mysteries.
Even though Doyle wrote many Holmes mysteries, we’ll never know the reason (8)_______ he gave us so little information about Holmes private life. All the books were written in the first person, not by Holmes, but by his assistant. Dr Watson, (9) _______ knowledge of his master’s private life was limited.
Answer Keys
1. The environment which the architects have created can communicate discomfort.
2. The people whom I met at a party last night are from California.
3. I want the TV which I saw in the store window yesterday.
4. There is the house which I like.
5. The couch which I want to buy has a high back.
6. I know the furniture store which you want to visit.
7. The seating arrangement which the architect designed was pleasant.
8. The kitchen cabinets which the architect designed were too high.
1. Whose
2. Who
3. Who
4. Which
5. Which
6. Where
7. Who
8. Why
9. Whose
Preposition of Time
Preposition of time
Preposition Meaning Example
During Within a period of time During our vacation, we visited many relatives across the country.
From … to … Indicating the beginning and the ending time I lived in Bandung from 1972 to 1978
In o part of the day
o month
o season
o year
o decades
o century • in the morning
• in February
• in summer
• in 1998
• in the 1980s
• in the 20th century
at o clock time
o night
o holiday periods • at 5 o’clock
• at night
• at the weekend
on o day of the week
o date
o particular day • on Saturday
• on the 20th May
• on New Year’s Day
• on my birthday
by before a certain time I had been there by 7 p.m.
since indicating the beginning of a time I have learnt English since 1970
for indicating duration of time I have slept for two hours
A. Complete these sentences using at, in, or on!
1. I’ll come around ________ six o’clock.
2. The war began ____________September 1939 and ended ________ 1945.
3. The program is ______ six o’clock _______ Saturday evening.
4. In Europe we have our weekend break Saturday and Sunday, but _____ the Middle East the weekend is _____ Thursday and Friday.
5. __________ New Year’s day, we usually go to our grandmother’s house.
B. Use the prepositions and adverbs in brackets to complete the following sentences!
1. I had to work _______ the summer holidays ________ the beginning of July.__________ the end of August (from/until/during)
2. We got married ________ 1970 so we have been married ________ more than twenty years now. (for/in)
3. I should have handed in my homework a week ________. My teacher isn’t very pleased. She says I must finish it _____ six o’clock ______ Monday at the latest. (by/on/ago)
4. The last time we went to England was _____ 1983, that’s nearly ten years ______. We haven’t been back ______then even though our friend have often invited us. (since/in/ago)
5. My parents lived in Liverpool ________ 1960 __________1975. ________1978, when I was born, they had moved to Birmingham. (by/until/from).
Answer Keys
1. At
2. In, in
3. At, on
4. In, on
5. On
1. During, from, until
2. In, for
3. Ago, by, on
4. In, ago, since
5. From, until, by
Preposition Meaning Example
During Within a period of time During our vacation, we visited many relatives across the country.
From … to … Indicating the beginning and the ending time I lived in Bandung from 1972 to 1978
In o part of the day
o month
o season
o year
o decades
o century • in the morning
• in February
• in summer
• in 1998
• in the 1980s
• in the 20th century
at o clock time
o night
o holiday periods • at 5 o’clock
• at night
• at the weekend
on o day of the week
o date
o particular day • on Saturday
• on the 20th May
• on New Year’s Day
• on my birthday
by before a certain time I had been there by 7 p.m.
since indicating the beginning of a time I have learnt English since 1970
for indicating duration of time I have slept for two hours
A. Complete these sentences using at, in, or on!
1. I’ll come around ________ six o’clock.
2. The war began ____________September 1939 and ended ________ 1945.
3. The program is ______ six o’clock _______ Saturday evening.
4. In Europe we have our weekend break Saturday and Sunday, but _____ the Middle East the weekend is _____ Thursday and Friday.
5. __________ New Year’s day, we usually go to our grandmother’s house.
B. Use the prepositions and adverbs in brackets to complete the following sentences!
1. I had to work _______ the summer holidays ________ the beginning of July.__________ the end of August (from/until/during)
2. We got married ________ 1970 so we have been married ________ more than twenty years now. (for/in)
3. I should have handed in my homework a week ________. My teacher isn’t very pleased. She says I must finish it _____ six o’clock ______ Monday at the latest. (by/on/ago)
4. The last time we went to England was _____ 1983, that’s nearly ten years ______. We haven’t been back ______then even though our friend have often invited us. (since/in/ago)
5. My parents lived in Liverpool ________ 1960 __________1975. ________1978, when I was born, they had moved to Birmingham. (by/until/from).
Answer Keys
1. At
2. In, in
3. At, on
4. In, on
5. On
1. During, from, until
2. In, for
3. Ago, by, on
4. In, ago, since
5. From, until, by
Conditional Sentence
Conditional Sentences
Conditionals are statements with if or unless. You can use conditional clauses to talk about a possible situation and its results.
There are 2 kinds of Conditionals :
1. Real/ Factual conditionals : When you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the future, you use this type of conditional
• If + subject + verb 1 + object, subject + auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object
• Subject + auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object + if + subject + verb 1 + object
Note : - auxiliary verbs that can be used to describe a real possibility are can, must, will, may.
Example :
a. If you need rice, salt and sugar, you can buy them at the market.
b. If they like fresh vegetables, they must buy them at the market.
2. Unreal/ contrary-to-fact conditionals : When you are talking about something that you think is unlikely/impossible to happen, you use this type of conditional.
• If + subject + past verb + object, subject + past auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object
• Subject + past auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object + if + subject + past verb + object
Note : - Past form of to be in unreal present condition or imaginary is were not was.
- Past auxiliary verbs : could, should, would, and might.
Example :
a. If I were you, I would continue my study
Means/the fact : I am not you, so I will not continue my study.
b. Etty would come to the party if I invited her.
Means/the fact : I don’t invite her, so Etty will not come to the party.
A. Complete the following sentences by changing the verbs in the brackets.
Example : If Winarni left me, I ______ (be) sad.
If Winarni left me, I would be sad.
1. Many workers would be out of work if the company ________(close) down.
2. If the lady sold her house, she ________ (not/got) much money for it.
3. Would you be angry if I _______(borrow) your book.
4. Yenni would be disappointed if you ________(not/come)
5. Renni might be annoyed if they _______(ridicule) her.
B. Answer these questions like the example.
Example : Is she going to meet you? (Her mother) be angry
No, if she met you, her mothe would be angry.
1. Is Rudi going to join the camping? (he/make troble)
No, if he ____________________________________
2. Are you going to take Etty to Bali? (Ann/be jealous)
No, if I ___________________________________
3. Are you going to find a job? (I/leave my grandma)
No, if I __________________________________
4. Is Tuti going to study in University? (she/have much money)
No, if she __________________________
5. Are they going to bed now? (they/not/sleep)
No, if they ____________________________
C. Find the meanings of the following sentences.
Example : If she were a butterfly, I would be its wings.
She is not a butterfly, and I will not be its wings.
1. If I were rich, I would spend all my time traveling.
2. She might be sleepy if she didn’t drink coffee.
3. If the price of ticket were low, people could buy it.
4. Julie would be happy if she got married.
5. They might be angry if I didn’t meet them.
Answer Keys
1. Closed
2. Would not get
3. Borrowed
4. Didn’t come
5. Ridiculed
1. If he joined the camping, he would make a trouble.
2. If I took Etty to Bali, Ann would be jealous.
3. If I found a job, I might leave my grandma.
4. If she studied in University, she might have much money.
5. If they were in bed now, they might not sleep.
1. I am not rich, and I won’t spend all my time traveling.
2. She doesn’t drink coffee, so she may not be sleepy.
3. The price of ticket isn’t low and people can’t buy it.
4. Julie doesn’t get married so she will not be happy.
5. I meet them and they may not be angry.
Conditionals are statements with if or unless. You can use conditional clauses to talk about a possible situation and its results.
There are 2 kinds of Conditionals :
1. Real/ Factual conditionals : When you are talking about something which may possibly happen in the future, you use this type of conditional
• If + subject + verb 1 + object, subject + auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object
• Subject + auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object + if + subject + verb 1 + object
Note : - auxiliary verbs that can be used to describe a real possibility are can, must, will, may.
Example :
a. If you need rice, salt and sugar, you can buy them at the market.
b. If they like fresh vegetables, they must buy them at the market.
2. Unreal/ contrary-to-fact conditionals : When you are talking about something that you think is unlikely/impossible to happen, you use this type of conditional.
• If + subject + past verb + object, subject + past auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object
• Subject + past auxiliary verbs + verb 1 + object + if + subject + past verb + object
Note : - Past form of to be in unreal present condition or imaginary is were not was.
- Past auxiliary verbs : could, should, would, and might.
Example :
a. If I were you, I would continue my study
Means/the fact : I am not you, so I will not continue my study.
b. Etty would come to the party if I invited her.
Means/the fact : I don’t invite her, so Etty will not come to the party.
A. Complete the following sentences by changing the verbs in the brackets.
Example : If Winarni left me, I ______ (be) sad.
If Winarni left me, I would be sad.
1. Many workers would be out of work if the company ________(close) down.
2. If the lady sold her house, she ________ (not/got) much money for it.
3. Would you be angry if I _______(borrow) your book.
4. Yenni would be disappointed if you ________(not/come)
5. Renni might be annoyed if they _______(ridicule) her.
B. Answer these questions like the example.
Example : Is she going to meet you? (Her mother) be angry
No, if she met you, her mothe would be angry.
1. Is Rudi going to join the camping? (he/make troble)
No, if he ____________________________________
2. Are you going to take Etty to Bali? (Ann/be jealous)
No, if I ___________________________________
3. Are you going to find a job? (I/leave my grandma)
No, if I __________________________________
4. Is Tuti going to study in University? (she/have much money)
No, if she __________________________
5. Are they going to bed now? (they/not/sleep)
No, if they ____________________________
C. Find the meanings of the following sentences.
Example : If she were a butterfly, I would be its wings.
She is not a butterfly, and I will not be its wings.
1. If I were rich, I would spend all my time traveling.
2. She might be sleepy if she didn’t drink coffee.
3. If the price of ticket were low, people could buy it.
4. Julie would be happy if she got married.
5. They might be angry if I didn’t meet them.
Answer Keys
1. Closed
2. Would not get
3. Borrowed
4. Didn’t come
5. Ridiculed
1. If he joined the camping, he would make a trouble.
2. If I took Etty to Bali, Ann would be jealous.
3. If I found a job, I might leave my grandma.
4. If she studied in University, she might have much money.
5. If they were in bed now, they might not sleep.
1. I am not rich, and I won’t spend all my time traveling.
2. She doesn’t drink coffee, so she may not be sleepy.
3. The price of ticket isn’t low and people can’t buy it.
4. Julie doesn’t get married so she will not be happy.
5. I meet them and they may not be angry.
Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense
Name of tense Pattern Time references
Past Tense
a. Verb pattern
(+) S + V2
(-) S + did not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1 ?
b. Be pattern
(+) S + was/were + Noun/Adj/Adv
(-) S + was/were not + Noun/Adj/Adv
(?) Was/Were + S + Noun/Adj/Adv ?
yesterday
last ….
…. ago
this morning
In … (past years)
Function : To show a single event do ne in the past
Example :
1. Verb pattern
(+) Andi went to Solo last night.
(-) Andi did not go to Solo last night.
(?) Did Andi go to Solo last night?
2. Be pattern
(+) Rina was here yesterday
(-) Rina was not here yesterday
(?) Was Rina here yesterday?
Change the verb in the bracket into correct Simple Past Tense
Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She 1 ______(live) with her stepsisters and stepmother. They 2_____(be) very bossy. She 3_____(have) to do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball 4_____(come) to the family. Her step sisters 5_________(not, let) her go, so Cinderella 6_______(be) very sad, the step sisters 7_______(go) to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and 8______(help) her to go the ball. At the ball, Cinderella 9_________(dance) with the prince. The prince 10________(fall) in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.
Answer Keys
Simple Past Tense
1. Lived
2. Were
3. Had
4. Came
5. Did not let
6. Was
7. Went
8. Helped
9. Danced
10. Felt
Name of tense Pattern Time references
Past Tense
a. Verb pattern
(+) S + V2
(-) S + did not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1 ?
b. Be pattern
(+) S + was/were + Noun/Adj/Adv
(-) S + was/were not + Noun/Adj/Adv
(?) Was/Were + S + Noun/Adj/Adv ?
yesterday
last ….
…. ago
this morning
In … (past years)
Function : To show a single event do ne in the past
Example :
1. Verb pattern
(+) Andi went to Solo last night.
(-) Andi did not go to Solo last night.
(?) Did Andi go to Solo last night?
2. Be pattern
(+) Rina was here yesterday
(-) Rina was not here yesterday
(?) Was Rina here yesterday?
Change the verb in the bracket into correct Simple Past Tense
Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She 1 ______(live) with her stepsisters and stepmother. They 2_____(be) very bossy. She 3_____(have) to do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball 4_____(come) to the family. Her step sisters 5_________(not, let) her go, so Cinderella 6_______(be) very sad, the step sisters 7_______(go) to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and 8______(help) her to go the ball. At the ball, Cinderella 9_________(dance) with the prince. The prince 10________(fall) in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.
Answer Keys
Simple Past Tense
1. Lived
2. Were
3. Had
4. Came
5. Did not let
6. Was
7. Went
8. Helped
9. Danced
10. Felt
Narrative Text
Narrative Text
Social Function/Purpose : To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways; Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning points of some kind, which in turn fields a resolution.
Generic Structure/Structure of the Text :
• Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
• Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
• Complication : a crisis arises.
• Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
• Re-orientation : optional
Teks 1
Why do the Sun and the Moon live in the sky?
(A Nigerian Folk tale )
Here is the story. A long time ago, when the world was new, the Sun married the Moon and they lived as happily as can be. They lived in a little cottage near the Ocean.
You know what? One day, the Sun and the Moon invited the Ocean to their house for a visit. The Ocean liked it so much. He wanted to stay in a little cottage. The Sun and the Moon liked the Ocean and hoped the cottage would be big enough for all three of them.
So the Sun and the Moon invited the Ocean to stay with them. What happened then? Then, the Ocean came with all his friends; the whales, the fish, the tortoises, the crabs and all the creatures that live in the sea.
Oh my….. The water rose higher and higher in the cottage. Soon, there was no more room for the Sun and the Moon. Oh, how poor they were. They rose up into the sky where they have lived ever since. Well, that’s the story.
Teks 2
Why do the Sun and the Moon live in the sky?
(New Mexico version)
Long time ago, there was no day. It was always dark and always summer. This was because the Kachina, a very powerful people had stolen the Sun and the Moon and locked them away in a box. In the light, Coyote and Eagle, two friends wandered the desert.
Coyote and Eagle had always hunted together, but Coyote could not hunt anymore because he could not see at night. Coyote suggested that they go to find the Sun and the Moon and make them light up the world. Eagle was worried. He reminded Coyote that the Sun and the Moon were very strong and it was dangerous to try to trick them.
In the end, Eagle agreed to help Coyote. While the Kachina were sleeping, Coyote and Eagle crept into their village, stole the Sun and the Moon, and headed into the hills. Coyote told Eagle that he wanted to open the box containing the Sun and the Moon. Eagle said, “No.” They must wait until their travels and open it with their eyes closed. Coyote grumbled. He couldn’t wait to see what was in the box.
Finally, he grew so curious that he threw it open. The light of the Sun was so bright that it blinded Coyote’s eyes. The Sun and the Moon laughed and flew far away, up into the sky where they are today.
Teks 3
Why do Hawks Hunt Chicks?
Situation: Ita saw a mother hen quickly gathering its chicks under its wings. Then, Ita looked up and saw a hawk flying up in the sky.
A : Mother, why don’t hawks leave chickens alone?
B : Hmm….. It’s a long story, Ita.
A : Oh, please, Mum, tell me. I’m curious.
B : All right….all right. Don’t behave like a five-year old child, okay?
A : Okay. Now, what’s the story?
B : Well, this is the story. Long, long time ago, a hawk fell in love with a hen. The hawk flew down from the sky and asked the hen,”Will you marry me?” You know what? The hen loved the brave, strong hawk in return and wished to marry him. But she said,” I cannot fly as high as you can. If you give me time, I may learn to fly as high as you. Then, we can fly together.”
The hawk agreed. Before he went away, he gave the hen a ring. ”This is to show that you have promised to marry me,” said the hawk. It so happened that the hen already promised to marry a rooster. So, when the rooster saw the ring, he became very angry. “Throw that ring away at once!” shouted the rooster. The hen was so frightened at the rooster’s anger that she threw away the ring immediately.
When the hawk came a few months later, the hen told him that the truth. The hawk was so furious that he cursed the hen. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier? Now, you’ll always be scratching the earth, and I’ll be always be flying above to catch your children.” said the hawk.
A : The curse seems to have come true, doesn’t it? Thanks for the story, Mum.
Why do Hawks Hunt Chicks?
Long, long time ago, a hawk fell in love with a hen. The hawk flew down from the sky and asked the hen,”Will you marry me?” You know what? The hen loved the brave, strong hawk in return and wished to marry him. But she said,” I cannot fly as high as you can. If you give me time, I may learn to fly as high as you. Then, we can fly together.”
The hawk agreed. Before he went away, he gave the hen a ring. ”This is to show that you have promised to marry me,” said the hawk. It so happened that the hen already promised to marry a rooster. So, when the rooster saw the ring, he became very angry. “Throw that ring away at once!” shouted the rooster. The hen was so frightened at the rooster’s anger that she threw away the ring immediately.
When the hawk came a few months later, the hen told him that the truth. The hawk was so furious that he cursed the hen. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier? Now, you’ll always be scratching the earth, and I’ll be always be flying above to catch your children.” said the hawk.
Teks 4
Anne Boleyn
During the reign of King Henry VIII of England in 1522, Anne Boleyn, the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn and a niece of the Duke of Norfolk, returned to England from France where she spent her childhood. She became the Lady-in waiting into the service of Catherine of Aragon, King Henry VIII’s first wife.
She soon caught the eyes of the King. The King tried to make Anne his mistress but Anne refused it. Her sister, Mary Boleyn had been the king’s mistress and gained little from it but a scandal. She demanded that the King marry her. She waited nearly seven years for Henry to obtain an annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. In 1532 Henry VIII and Catherine divorced. It finally took an unavoidable breaking with the Pope in Rome before they wed in the mid of September in 1533.
A year later Anne was pregnant, but she was unable to give the King the son he desperately needed for an heir. The King was so disappointed. Their marriage ended tragically for Anne. She was accused of witchcraft, incest and adultery. On May 19th, 1536 she was beheaded at the Tower of London. Ten days after her death, King Henry married to Lady Jane Seymour who was able to give the king a son, Prince Edward. But this didn’t last long. The young prince died young. Elisabeth, the daughter of Anne and Henry VIII became England’s greatest queen.
Teks 5
The Legend of Toba
Once upon the time, there was a fisherman named Batara Guru Sahala in Batak land. One day he caught a fish. He was surprised to find that the fish could talk. It begged Sahala to set it free. He did accordingly.
As soon as the fish was free. It changed into a woman. She was so beautiful that Sahala fell in love with her at once. He asked her to marry him. The woman agreed to marry Sahala. However she told him that he must never let out the secret that she wa once a fish. Sahala promised her that he could not tell anyone about it.
They were happily married and had two daughters. Every morning Sahala went out fishing. His daughters would bring him a lunch. One day, however, instead of bringing the food to their father, the two girls ate them.
When Sahala knew what they had done with the meal, he got very angry. He shouted at them and saying, “You behaved exactly like daughters of a fish.
The girls did not know about their meant. They went home and asked their mother about it. Their mother was very annoyed. Although Sahala apologized to her later, she would not forgive him for breaking his promise.
Then the earth began to shake and volcanoes started to erupt. The earth cracked and formed a big hole. People said that the hole became Toba lake.
Teks 6
Keong Mas (The Golden Snail)
Prince Raden Putra and Dewi Limaran were husband and wife. They lived in a palace. Prince Raden Putra’s father was the king of the kingdom.
One day, Dewi Limaran was walking around in the palace garden. Suddenly she saw a snail. It was ugly and disgusting.
“Yuck!” said Dewi Limaran and then she threw it away into a river.
She did not know that the snail was actually an old and powerful witch. She could transform herself into anything.
The witch was angry to Dewi Limaran.The witch put a spell on her and changed her into a golden snail. The witch then threw it away into the river
The golden snail was drifting away in the river and got caught into a net. An old woman was fishing and used her net to catch some fish. She was surprised to see a golden snail in her net. She took it and brought it home.
When the old woman woke up in the morning, she was surprised that the house was in good condition. The floor was mopped. And she also had food on the table.
She was thinking very hard. “Who did this to me? The person is very kind.”
It happened again and again every morning. The old woman was very curious. One night she decided to stay up late. She was peeping from her room to know who cooked for her.
Then, she could not believe what she saw. The golden snail she caught in the river turned into a beautiful woman. The old woman approached her.
“Who are you, young girl?”
“I am Dewi Limaran, Ma’am. A witch cursed me. I can change back as a human only at night, “ explained Dewi Limaran. “The spell can be broken if I hear the melody from the holy gamelan, “continued Dewi Limaran. The old woman then ruhed to the palace. She talked to Prince Raden Putra about her wife. Prince Raden Putra was so happy. He had been looking for his wife everywhere.
He then prayed and meditated. He asked the Gods to give him the holly gamelan. He wanted to break the witch’s spell.
After several days praying and meditating, finally Gods granted his wish. He immediately brought the holy gamelan to the old woman’s house. He played it beautifully. And then amazingly the golden snail turned into the beautiful Dewi Limaran.
The couple was so happy that they could be together again. They also thanked the old woman for her kindness. As s return, they asked her to stay in the palace.
Teks 7
Loro Jonggrang
Once upon a time, there was a kingdom named Prambanan. The people lived peacefully. However, their happy lives was disturbed by Pengging Kingdom. The king, Bandung Bandawasa, wanted to occupy Prambanan. He was a mean King.
The war between Prambanan and Pengging could not be avoided. Prambanan lost the war and led by the new king, Bandung Bandawasa.
Pengging could win the war because Bandung Bandawasa had supernatural power. His soldiers were not only human being but also genies. Those creatures always obeyed Bandung Bandawasa. They always did whatever Bandung Bandawasa asked them to do.
The king of Prambanan had a beautiful daughter. Her name was Loro Jonggrang. Bandung Bandawasa fell in love and wanted to marry her. “If you want to marry me, you have to build a thousand of temples in just one night,” said Loro Jonggrang. She hated Bandung Bandawasa because he made the people of Prambanan suffered.
“What ? Impossible! You just gave me an excuse for not marrying me!” said Bandung Bandawasa. But he didn’t give up. He asked the genies to help him.
Then all those genies worked hard to build the 1000 temples. Meanwhile, Loro Jonggrang heard from the lady-in-waiting that the building of 1000 temples was almost finished. She was so scared; she didn’t want to marry Bandung Bandawasa. And then she had a great idea. She asked all the ladies-in-waiting to help her.
“Please prepare a lot of straw and mortar. Come on! Hurry up!” said Loro Jonggrang. All those ladies-in-waiting were confused. They didn’t know why Loro Jonggrang asked them prepare a lot of straw and mortatrs in the middle of the night.
“Listen, all those genies are building the temples, right? We have to stop them by burning the straw and make a noise by pounding the mortars. The genies will think that the sun is going to rise and they will run away. Genies are afraid of sunlight.”
It worked! All those genies thought that sun rose. They didn’t know the light was from the fire that burning the straw. And the noises from pounding the mortars like start of a new day.
Bandung Bandawasa was angry. He knew Loro Jonggrang just tricked him. “You can’t fool me, Loro Jonggrang. I already have 999 temples. I just need one more temple. Now, I will make you the one- thousandth temple.”
With his supernatural power, Bandung Bandawasa made Loro Jonggrang a temple. Until now, the temple is still standing in Prambanan area, Central Java. And the temple is named Loro Jonggrang temple.
Teks 8
Once upon a time in Lombok, there was a kingdom named Kuripan. The king of Kuripan was very wise. He had a daughter named Mandalika. She was so beautiful. Many princes wanted to marry her. To choose the one that would be his son-in-law, the king had an arrow shooting competition. The best one would be Mandalika’s husband.
On the day of the compettion, those princes shot their arrows. All of them did it perfectly. The king found it difficult to choose. Therefore, the princes began to fight and kill each other.
Princess Mandalika was so desperate. She didn’t want anyone killing each other because of her. That’s why she decided to go to the sea. She died in the south sea of Lombok. The king and the princes were sad and felt guilty. They regretted and stopped fighting.
Until now, one day in every year usually in February or March, people go to the south sea. On that day, a great number of worms come out from the sea. People call those worms nyale. People believe that those nyales are Princess Mandalika’s hair.
Teks 9
Cinderella
Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She lived with her stepsisters and stepmother. They were very bossy. She had to do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her step sisters did not let her go, so Cinderella was very sad, the step sisters went to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to go the ball. At the ball, Cinderella danced with the prince. The prince fell in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.
Question
1. When did the Sun and the Moon get married?
2. Where did the married couple live?
3. Did they live happily?
4. Who got an idea to invite the Ocean?
5. Did the Moon agree with the idea?
6. Did the Ocean accept the invitation?
7. With whom did the Ocean come to the cottage?
8. Did the cottage accommodate the Ocean and his friends?
9. Where did the Sun and the Moon go?
10. Do you think it was fair for the Sun and the Moon to live in the sky?
11. Tell your partner about the character of the Ocean. Do you like the character of the Ocean?
12. Ask your partner about the character of the Ocean. Does he/she like the character of the Ocean?
13. What do you think if the Sun and the Moon didn’t live in the sky?
Teks 2 ; Listen to another version of “Why do the Sun and the Moon live in the sky? (New Mexico version), complete the text and answer the questions.
Why do the Sun and the Moon live in the sky?
(New Mexico version)
Long time ago, there was no ______(1). It was always dark and always ______(2). This was because the Kachina, a very ______(3) people had ______(4) the Sun and the Moon and locked them away in a box. In the ______(5), Coyote and Eagle, two friends ______(6) the desert.
Coyote and Eagle had always ______(7) together, but Coyote could not hunt anymore because he could not see at night. Coyote suggested that they go to ______(8) the Sun and the Moon and make them light up the world. Eagle was worried. He ______(9) Coyote that the Sun and the Moon were very strong and it was ______(10) to try to trick them.
In the end, Eagle agreed to help Coyote. While the Kachina were sleeping, Coyote and Eagle ______(11) into their village, stole the Sun and the Moon, and headed into the hills.
Coyote told Eagle that he wanted to open the box containing the Sun and the Moon. Eagle said, “No.” They must wait until their travels and open it with their eyes closed. Coyote ______(12). He couldn’t wait to see what was in the box.
Finally, he grew so curious that he threw it open. The light of the Sun was so bright that it ______(13) Coyote’s eyes. The Sun and the Moon ______(14) and ______(15) far away, up into the sky where they are today.
Questions:
1. Why was the sky dark?
2. Where did the Kachina people hide the Sun and the Moon?
3. Why did the Coyote steal the Sun and the Moon back?
4. When did the Coyote steal the Sun and the Moon back?
5. Where did they go then?
6. Why did they have to open the box with their eyes closed?
7. In your opinion, was what the Coyote did right?
8. Which story (version) do you like best? Why?
Teks 3 : Listen to the story, complete the text and answer the questions.
Why do Hawks Hunt Chicks?
Situation: Ita saw a mother hen quickly gathering its chicks under its wings. Then, Ita looked up and saw a hawk flying up in the sky.
A : Mother, why don’t hawks leave chickens alone?
B : Hmm….. It’s a long story, Ita.
A : Oh, please, Mum, tell me. I’m curious.
B : All right….all right. Don’t behave like a five-year old child, okay?
A : Okay. Now, what’s the story?
B : Well, this is the story. Long, long time ago, a ______(1) fell in love with a _____(2). The hawk _____(3) down from the sky and asked the hen,”Will you _____(4) me?”
You know what? The hen loved ______(5), ______(6) hawk in return and wished to marry him. But she said,” I cannot fly as ______(7) as you can. If you give me time, I may ______(8) to fly as high as you. Then, we can fly together.”
The hawk ______(9). Before he went away, he gave the hen a ring. ”This is to show that you have ______(10) to marry me,” said the hawk.
It so happened that the hen already promised to marry a ______(11). So, when the rooster saw the ring, he became very angry. “Throw that ring away ______(12)!” shouted the rooster. The hen was so ______(13) at the rooster’s anger that she threw away the ring immediately.
When the hawk came a few months later, the hen told him that the truth. The hawk was so ______(14) that he ______(15) the hen. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier? Now, you’ll always be scratching the earth, and I’ll be always be flying above to catch your children.” said the hawk.
A : The curse seems to have come true, doesn’t it? Thanks for the story, Mum.
Questions :
1. What is the story about?
2. Which of these two the hen like better, the hawk or the rooster?
3. Why was the rooster angry with the hen?
4. Did the hen thrown the ring away? Why?
5. Why did the hawk curse the hen?
6. What was his curse?
Questions :
1. What is the purpose of the writer telling the story?
2. Does the first part of the story tell :
a. Who was involved?
b. What happened?
c. Where and when did it happen?
3. Read paragraph 2 and 4 again to answer the question. Did the hen face any problems to marry the hawk?
4. How did she solve the problem?
5. In which paragraphs can you find the hen’s solution?
6. Does the story end in a happy or sad ending?
7. Does the story happen in past or present time?
8. The word which are used to tell that the story happened in the past: _____________ and ________________.
9. The words that are used to tell the order of events are : ________, ________, ________, ________,________.
10. Are the verbs in the present or in the past?
11. Write several action verbs that you find in the text
__________________ _________________
__________________ _________________
__________________ _________________
__________________ _________________
Teks 4 : Listen to the story, complete the text and answer the questions.
Anne Boleyn
During the reign of King Henry VIII of England in 1522, Anne Boleyn, the ______(1) of Sir Thomas Boleyn and a ______(2) of the Duke of Norfolk, ______(3) to England from France where she ______(4) her childhood. She became the Lady-in waiting into the service of Catherine of Aragon, King Henry VIII’s first wife.
She soon caught the eyes of the King. The King tried to make Anne his mistress but Anne ______(5) it. Her sister, Mary Boleyn had been the king’s mistress and ______(6) little from it but a scandal. She demanded that the King marry her. She waited ______(7) seven years for Henry to obtain an annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. In 1532 Henry VIII and Catherine ______(8).
It finally took an unavoidable breaking with the Pope in Rome before they wed in the mid of September in 1533. A year later Anne was ______(9), but she was unable to give the King the son he desperately needed for an heir. The King was so ______(10). Their ______(11) ended tragically for Anne. She was ______(12) of witchcraft, incest and adultery. On May 19th, 1536 she was beheaded at the Tower of London. Ten days after her death, King Henry ______(13) to Lady Jane Seymour who was able to give the king a son, Prince Edward. But this didn’t last long. The young ______(14) died young. Elisabeth, the daughter of Anne and Henry VIII became England’s greatest ______(15).
Questions :
1. Where did the story happen?
2. Who was Anne’s father?
3. Who was Chaterine of Arragon?
4. What did King Henry VIII want to make Anne?
5. Did Anne agree or not? Why / Why not?
6. What did she demand?
7. How long did she have to wait before they got married?
8. Was the marriage a happy one? Why?
9. How was the end of Anne’s life?
10. Did the King have a son at the end?
11. Who succeeded the English throne after King Henry Viii?
Teks 5 : Answer the questions according to the text.
Questions :
1. What kind of the text is the story about?
2. What did the text talk about?
3. What is the purpose of Narrative text?
4. What tense is used in the text mostly?
5. What are the characters of Toba Lake story?
6. Why was Sahala surprised when he found a fish?
7. What did Sahala do after knew the woman?
8. What was the woman wish to Sahala?
9. Why was Sahala angry with his daughters?
10. What did the daughters ask to their mother?
11. How was their mother reaction after knew about it?
12. What did it happen at last?
13. Find the synonym of these words from the text:
a. To ask for (paragraph 1)
b. To speak in loud (paragraph 3)
c. To give apology (paragraph 4)
Teks 6 : Answer the questions according to the text.
Questions :
1. Why did Dewi Limaran through the snail into the river?
2. What was the snail actually?
3. Who found the Golden snail?
4. What did the old woman make surprised when she woke in the morning?
5. What did she do to know who the Golden snail actually was?
6. How can the spell be broken?
7. What did Prince Raden Putra do to break the witch’s spell?
8. What did Prince and Dewi Limaran do to the old woman?
Teks 7 : Answer the questions according to the text.
Questions :
1. Who disturbed the peaceful live of Prambanan Kingdom?
2. Who was the King of Pengginng Kingdom?
3. How was the King Bandung Bandawasa?
4. Which Kingdom won the war between Prambanan and Pengging?
5. Who was the daughter of Prambanan’s King?
6. Why did Loro Jonggrang hate Bandung Bandawasa?
7. What did Loro Jonggrang ask for Bandung Bandawasa’s requirement to marry her?
8. Who helped Bandung Bandawasa in making 1000 temples?
9. What did Bandung Bandawasa do when he realized that he had been tricked by Loro Jonggrang?
10. Could finally Bandung Bandawasa marry Loro Jonggrang?
Teks 8 : Rearrange the jumbled paragraph below into a good narrative text! Give the suitable title and analyze the generic structure!
a. Until now, one day in every year usually in February or March, people go to the south sea. On that day, a great number of worms come out from the sea. People call those worms nyale. People believe that those nyales are Princess Mandalika’s hair.
b. On the day of the compettion, those princes shot their arrows. All of them did it perfectly. The king found it difficult to choose. Therefore, the princes began to fight and kill each other.
c. Princess Mandalika was so desperate. She didn’t want anyone killing each other because of her. That’s why she decided to go to the sea. She died in the south sea of Lombok. The king and the princes were sad and felt guilty. They regretted and stopped fighting.
d. Once upon a time in Lombok, there was a kingdom named Kuripan. The king of Kuripan was very wise. He had a daughter named Mandalika. She was so beautiful. Many princes wanted to marry her. To choose the one that would be his son-in-law, the king had an arrow shooting competition. The best one would be Mandalika’s husband.
III. Writing Section
Simple Past Tense
Change the verb in the bracket into correct Simple Past Tense
Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She 1 ______(live) with her stepsisters and stepmother. They 2_____(be) very bossy. She 3_____(have) to do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball 4_____(come) to the family. Her step sisters 5_________(not, let) her go, so Cinderella 6_______(be) very sad, the step sisters 7_______(go) to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and 8______(help) her to go the ball. At the ball, Cinderella 9_________(dance) with the prince. The prince 10________(fall) in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.
Answer Keys
Teks 1
1. The Sun married the Moon when the world was new.
2. They lived in a little cottage near the Ocean.
3. Yes, they did.
4. The Sun did
5. Yes, she did.
6. Yes, he did.
7. The Ocean came to the cottage with all of his friends like the crab, the whales, the tortoise, the fish and the other sea creatures.
8. No, it didn’t.
9. They went to the sky.
10. No, I don’t think so.
11. I think the Ocean was selfish, he didn’t think about the Sun and the Moon’s feeling. I don’t like the Ocean.
12. According to students’ opinion.
13. There were no light in the Earth.
Teks 2
1. Day
2. Summer
3. Powerful
4. Stolen
5. Light
6. Wandered
7. Hunted
8. Find
9. Reminded
10. Dangerous
11. Crept
12. Grumbled
13. Blinded
14. Laughed
15. Flew
Teks 2
1. Because the Kachina stole the Sun and the Moon so there was no day.
2. They headed in the box
3. Because coyote couldn’t hunt at night, so they needed the Sun and the Moon.
4. They stole the Sun and the Moon while the Kachina were sleeping.
5. They went to the hill.
6. Because the Sun and the Moon were very strong.
7. No, it didn’t.
8. According to students opinions
Teks 3
1. Hawk
2. Hen
3. Flew
4. Marry
5. The brave
6. Strong
7. High
8. Learn
9. Agreed
10. Promised
11. Rooster
12. At once
13. Frightened
14. Furious
15. Cursed
Teks 3
1. It’s about why hawk always hunt chicks.
2. The hen like the hawk better than the rooster.
3. Because he saw the ring from the hawk.
4. Yes, she did. Because she was frightened at the rooster’s anger.
5. Because she broke her promise / denied her promise to hawk.
6. His curse that the hen will scratch the earth and he will fly above to catch the hen’s children.
Teks 3
1. The purpose is to entertain the readers with the story about the hawk and the hen.
2. a. Yes, it does.
b. Yes, it does.
c. Yes, it does.
3. Yes, she did.
4. The problem : she couldn’t fly and she had already promised to marry a rooster.
5. At the third and the fourth paragraphs.
6. It ends in a sad ending.
7. The story happens in past time.
8. Verb 2 and Adverb of time.
9. So, then, before, when, finally.
10. The verbs are in the past.
11. Fell, flew, loved, agreed, went, gave, happened, had, saw, become, frightened, threw, came, told, cursed.
Teks 4
1. Daughter
2. Niece
3. Returned
4. Spent
5. Refused
6. Gained
7. Nearly
8. Divorced
9. Pregnant
10. Disappointed
11. Marriage
12. Accused
13. Married
14. Prince
15. Queen
Teks 4
1. The story happened in England.
2. Anne’s father was Sir Thomas Boleyn.
3. Catherin of Aragon was King Henry VIII’s first wife.
4. He wanted to make Anne his mistress.
5. No, she didn’t agree. Because she wanted to be his wife.
6. She demanded that the King marry her.
7. She had to wait nearly 7 years.
8. No, it wasn’t. Because Anne couldn’t give a son to the King.
9. She was beheaded at the tower of London because she accused of witchcraft, incest, and adultery.
10. Elizabeth, Anne’s daughter succeeded to have the English throne.
Teks 5
1. It’s Narrative text.
2. It talked about the legend of Lake Toba.
3. The purpose is to entertain the readers or listeners with the legend of Lake Toba.
4. It is used past tense.
5. The characters are Batara Guru Sahala (fisherman) and a fish turned into a woman.
6. He was surprised because the fish that he caught could talk.
7. He asked her to marry him.
8. She wished that Sahala must never tell the secret that she was once a fish.
9. Because his daughters ate his lunch.
10. They asked the meaning of his father’s words that they behaved exactly like daughters’ of a fish.
11. Their other was very annoyed with their father’s words.
12. The Earth began to shake and volcanoes started to erupt. And then the Earth cracked and formed a big hole.
13. a. begged
b. shouted
c. forgive
Teks 6
1. Because the snail was ugly and disgusting.
2. She was an old and powerful witch.
3. An old woman found it.
4. Because the house was in good condition, the floor was mopped and she also had food on the table.
5. On that night she decided to stay up late and she peeped from her room.
6. The spell could be broken if she heard the melody from the holy gamelan.
7. He prayed and meditated to ask the Gods to give him the holy gamelan
8. They asked the old woman to stay in their palace.
Teks 7
1. The king of Pengging Kingdom, Bandung Bandawasa that disturbed the peaceful live of Prambanan Kingdom.
2. He was Bandung Bandawasa.
3. He was a mean king.
4. Pengging Kingdom won the war.
5. Loro Jonggrang was the daughter’s of King Prambanan.
6. Because Bandung Bandawasa made the people of Prambanan suffered.
7. She asked him to build 1000 temples in one night.
8. He asked the genies to help him.
9. He cursed Loro Jonggrang with his supernatural power became a temple.
10. No, he couldn’t.
Teks 8
The suitable title is The Legend from South Sea Lombok
Once upon a time in Lombok, there was a kingdom named Kuripan. The king of Kuripan was very wise. He had a daughter named Mandalika. She was so beautiful. Many princes wanted to marry her. To choose the one that would be his son-in-law, the king had an arrow shooting competition. The best one would be Mandalika’s husband.
On the day of the competition, those princes shot their arrows. All of them did it perfectly. The king found it difficult to choose. Therefore, the princes began to fight and kill each other.
Princess Mandalika was so desperate. She didn’t want anyone killing each other because of her. That’s why she decided to go to the sea. She died in the south sea of Lombok. The king and the princes were sad and felt guilty. They regretted and stopped fighting.
Until now, one day in every year usually in February or March, people go to the south sea. On that day, a great number of worms come out from the sea. People call those worms nyale. People believe that those nyales are Princess Mandalika’s hair.
Orientation ; Paragraph 1
Evaluation ; paragraph 2
Complication ; Paragraph 3
Resolution ; paragraph 4
Social Function/Purpose : To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways; Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning points of some kind, which in turn fields a resolution.
Generic Structure/Structure of the Text :
• Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants.
• Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
• Complication : a crisis arises.
• Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.
• Re-orientation : optional
Teks 1
Why do the Sun and the Moon live in the sky?
(A Nigerian Folk tale )
Here is the story. A long time ago, when the world was new, the Sun married the Moon and they lived as happily as can be. They lived in a little cottage near the Ocean.
You know what? One day, the Sun and the Moon invited the Ocean to their house for a visit. The Ocean liked it so much. He wanted to stay in a little cottage. The Sun and the Moon liked the Ocean and hoped the cottage would be big enough for all three of them.
So the Sun and the Moon invited the Ocean to stay with them. What happened then? Then, the Ocean came with all his friends; the whales, the fish, the tortoises, the crabs and all the creatures that live in the sea.
Oh my….. The water rose higher and higher in the cottage. Soon, there was no more room for the Sun and the Moon. Oh, how poor they were. They rose up into the sky where they have lived ever since. Well, that’s the story.
Teks 2
Why do the Sun and the Moon live in the sky?
(New Mexico version)
Long time ago, there was no day. It was always dark and always summer. This was because the Kachina, a very powerful people had stolen the Sun and the Moon and locked them away in a box. In the light, Coyote and Eagle, two friends wandered the desert.
Coyote and Eagle had always hunted together, but Coyote could not hunt anymore because he could not see at night. Coyote suggested that they go to find the Sun and the Moon and make them light up the world. Eagle was worried. He reminded Coyote that the Sun and the Moon were very strong and it was dangerous to try to trick them.
In the end, Eagle agreed to help Coyote. While the Kachina were sleeping, Coyote and Eagle crept into their village, stole the Sun and the Moon, and headed into the hills. Coyote told Eagle that he wanted to open the box containing the Sun and the Moon. Eagle said, “No.” They must wait until their travels and open it with their eyes closed. Coyote grumbled. He couldn’t wait to see what was in the box.
Finally, he grew so curious that he threw it open. The light of the Sun was so bright that it blinded Coyote’s eyes. The Sun and the Moon laughed and flew far away, up into the sky where they are today.
Teks 3
Why do Hawks Hunt Chicks?
Situation: Ita saw a mother hen quickly gathering its chicks under its wings. Then, Ita looked up and saw a hawk flying up in the sky.
A : Mother, why don’t hawks leave chickens alone?
B : Hmm….. It’s a long story, Ita.
A : Oh, please, Mum, tell me. I’m curious.
B : All right….all right. Don’t behave like a five-year old child, okay?
A : Okay. Now, what’s the story?
B : Well, this is the story. Long, long time ago, a hawk fell in love with a hen. The hawk flew down from the sky and asked the hen,”Will you marry me?” You know what? The hen loved the brave, strong hawk in return and wished to marry him. But she said,” I cannot fly as high as you can. If you give me time, I may learn to fly as high as you. Then, we can fly together.”
The hawk agreed. Before he went away, he gave the hen a ring. ”This is to show that you have promised to marry me,” said the hawk. It so happened that the hen already promised to marry a rooster. So, when the rooster saw the ring, he became very angry. “Throw that ring away at once!” shouted the rooster. The hen was so frightened at the rooster’s anger that she threw away the ring immediately.
When the hawk came a few months later, the hen told him that the truth. The hawk was so furious that he cursed the hen. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier? Now, you’ll always be scratching the earth, and I’ll be always be flying above to catch your children.” said the hawk.
A : The curse seems to have come true, doesn’t it? Thanks for the story, Mum.
Why do Hawks Hunt Chicks?
Long, long time ago, a hawk fell in love with a hen. The hawk flew down from the sky and asked the hen,”Will you marry me?” You know what? The hen loved the brave, strong hawk in return and wished to marry him. But she said,” I cannot fly as high as you can. If you give me time, I may learn to fly as high as you. Then, we can fly together.”
The hawk agreed. Before he went away, he gave the hen a ring. ”This is to show that you have promised to marry me,” said the hawk. It so happened that the hen already promised to marry a rooster. So, when the rooster saw the ring, he became very angry. “Throw that ring away at once!” shouted the rooster. The hen was so frightened at the rooster’s anger that she threw away the ring immediately.
When the hawk came a few months later, the hen told him that the truth. The hawk was so furious that he cursed the hen. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier? Now, you’ll always be scratching the earth, and I’ll be always be flying above to catch your children.” said the hawk.
Teks 4
Anne Boleyn
During the reign of King Henry VIII of England in 1522, Anne Boleyn, the daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn and a niece of the Duke of Norfolk, returned to England from France where she spent her childhood. She became the Lady-in waiting into the service of Catherine of Aragon, King Henry VIII’s first wife.
She soon caught the eyes of the King. The King tried to make Anne his mistress but Anne refused it. Her sister, Mary Boleyn had been the king’s mistress and gained little from it but a scandal. She demanded that the King marry her. She waited nearly seven years for Henry to obtain an annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. In 1532 Henry VIII and Catherine divorced. It finally took an unavoidable breaking with the Pope in Rome before they wed in the mid of September in 1533.
A year later Anne was pregnant, but she was unable to give the King the son he desperately needed for an heir. The King was so disappointed. Their marriage ended tragically for Anne. She was accused of witchcraft, incest and adultery. On May 19th, 1536 she was beheaded at the Tower of London. Ten days after her death, King Henry married to Lady Jane Seymour who was able to give the king a son, Prince Edward. But this didn’t last long. The young prince died young. Elisabeth, the daughter of Anne and Henry VIII became England’s greatest queen.
Teks 5
The Legend of Toba
Once upon the time, there was a fisherman named Batara Guru Sahala in Batak land. One day he caught a fish. He was surprised to find that the fish could talk. It begged Sahala to set it free. He did accordingly.
As soon as the fish was free. It changed into a woman. She was so beautiful that Sahala fell in love with her at once. He asked her to marry him. The woman agreed to marry Sahala. However she told him that he must never let out the secret that she wa once a fish. Sahala promised her that he could not tell anyone about it.
They were happily married and had two daughters. Every morning Sahala went out fishing. His daughters would bring him a lunch. One day, however, instead of bringing the food to their father, the two girls ate them.
When Sahala knew what they had done with the meal, he got very angry. He shouted at them and saying, “You behaved exactly like daughters of a fish.
The girls did not know about their meant. They went home and asked their mother about it. Their mother was very annoyed. Although Sahala apologized to her later, she would not forgive him for breaking his promise.
Then the earth began to shake and volcanoes started to erupt. The earth cracked and formed a big hole. People said that the hole became Toba lake.
Teks 6
Keong Mas (The Golden Snail)
Prince Raden Putra and Dewi Limaran were husband and wife. They lived in a palace. Prince Raden Putra’s father was the king of the kingdom.
One day, Dewi Limaran was walking around in the palace garden. Suddenly she saw a snail. It was ugly and disgusting.
“Yuck!” said Dewi Limaran and then she threw it away into a river.
She did not know that the snail was actually an old and powerful witch. She could transform herself into anything.
The witch was angry to Dewi Limaran.The witch put a spell on her and changed her into a golden snail. The witch then threw it away into the river
The golden snail was drifting away in the river and got caught into a net. An old woman was fishing and used her net to catch some fish. She was surprised to see a golden snail in her net. She took it and brought it home.
When the old woman woke up in the morning, she was surprised that the house was in good condition. The floor was mopped. And she also had food on the table.
She was thinking very hard. “Who did this to me? The person is very kind.”
It happened again and again every morning. The old woman was very curious. One night she decided to stay up late. She was peeping from her room to know who cooked for her.
Then, she could not believe what she saw. The golden snail she caught in the river turned into a beautiful woman. The old woman approached her.
“Who are you, young girl?”
“I am Dewi Limaran, Ma’am. A witch cursed me. I can change back as a human only at night, “ explained Dewi Limaran. “The spell can be broken if I hear the melody from the holy gamelan, “continued Dewi Limaran. The old woman then ruhed to the palace. She talked to Prince Raden Putra about her wife. Prince Raden Putra was so happy. He had been looking for his wife everywhere.
He then prayed and meditated. He asked the Gods to give him the holly gamelan. He wanted to break the witch’s spell.
After several days praying and meditating, finally Gods granted his wish. He immediately brought the holy gamelan to the old woman’s house. He played it beautifully. And then amazingly the golden snail turned into the beautiful Dewi Limaran.
The couple was so happy that they could be together again. They also thanked the old woman for her kindness. As s return, they asked her to stay in the palace.
Teks 7
Loro Jonggrang
Once upon a time, there was a kingdom named Prambanan. The people lived peacefully. However, their happy lives was disturbed by Pengging Kingdom. The king, Bandung Bandawasa, wanted to occupy Prambanan. He was a mean King.
The war between Prambanan and Pengging could not be avoided. Prambanan lost the war and led by the new king, Bandung Bandawasa.
Pengging could win the war because Bandung Bandawasa had supernatural power. His soldiers were not only human being but also genies. Those creatures always obeyed Bandung Bandawasa. They always did whatever Bandung Bandawasa asked them to do.
The king of Prambanan had a beautiful daughter. Her name was Loro Jonggrang. Bandung Bandawasa fell in love and wanted to marry her. “If you want to marry me, you have to build a thousand of temples in just one night,” said Loro Jonggrang. She hated Bandung Bandawasa because he made the people of Prambanan suffered.
“What ? Impossible! You just gave me an excuse for not marrying me!” said Bandung Bandawasa. But he didn’t give up. He asked the genies to help him.
Then all those genies worked hard to build the 1000 temples. Meanwhile, Loro Jonggrang heard from the lady-in-waiting that the building of 1000 temples was almost finished. She was so scared; she didn’t want to marry Bandung Bandawasa. And then she had a great idea. She asked all the ladies-in-waiting to help her.
“Please prepare a lot of straw and mortar. Come on! Hurry up!” said Loro Jonggrang. All those ladies-in-waiting were confused. They didn’t know why Loro Jonggrang asked them prepare a lot of straw and mortatrs in the middle of the night.
“Listen, all those genies are building the temples, right? We have to stop them by burning the straw and make a noise by pounding the mortars. The genies will think that the sun is going to rise and they will run away. Genies are afraid of sunlight.”
It worked! All those genies thought that sun rose. They didn’t know the light was from the fire that burning the straw. And the noises from pounding the mortars like start of a new day.
Bandung Bandawasa was angry. He knew Loro Jonggrang just tricked him. “You can’t fool me, Loro Jonggrang. I already have 999 temples. I just need one more temple. Now, I will make you the one- thousandth temple.”
With his supernatural power, Bandung Bandawasa made Loro Jonggrang a temple. Until now, the temple is still standing in Prambanan area, Central Java. And the temple is named Loro Jonggrang temple.
Teks 8
Once upon a time in Lombok, there was a kingdom named Kuripan. The king of Kuripan was very wise. He had a daughter named Mandalika. She was so beautiful. Many princes wanted to marry her. To choose the one that would be his son-in-law, the king had an arrow shooting competition. The best one would be Mandalika’s husband.
On the day of the compettion, those princes shot their arrows. All of them did it perfectly. The king found it difficult to choose. Therefore, the princes began to fight and kill each other.
Princess Mandalika was so desperate. She didn’t want anyone killing each other because of her. That’s why she decided to go to the sea. She died in the south sea of Lombok. The king and the princes were sad and felt guilty. They regretted and stopped fighting.
Until now, one day in every year usually in February or March, people go to the south sea. On that day, a great number of worms come out from the sea. People call those worms nyale. People believe that those nyales are Princess Mandalika’s hair.
Teks 9
Cinderella
Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She lived with her stepsisters and stepmother. They were very bossy. She had to do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her step sisters did not let her go, so Cinderella was very sad, the step sisters went to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to go the ball. At the ball, Cinderella danced with the prince. The prince fell in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.
Question
1. When did the Sun and the Moon get married?
2. Where did the married couple live?
3. Did they live happily?
4. Who got an idea to invite the Ocean?
5. Did the Moon agree with the idea?
6. Did the Ocean accept the invitation?
7. With whom did the Ocean come to the cottage?
8. Did the cottage accommodate the Ocean and his friends?
9. Where did the Sun and the Moon go?
10. Do you think it was fair for the Sun and the Moon to live in the sky?
11. Tell your partner about the character of the Ocean. Do you like the character of the Ocean?
12. Ask your partner about the character of the Ocean. Does he/she like the character of the Ocean?
13. What do you think if the Sun and the Moon didn’t live in the sky?
Teks 2 ; Listen to another version of “Why do the Sun and the Moon live in the sky? (New Mexico version), complete the text and answer the questions.
Why do the Sun and the Moon live in the sky?
(New Mexico version)
Long time ago, there was no ______(1). It was always dark and always ______(2). This was because the Kachina, a very ______(3) people had ______(4) the Sun and the Moon and locked them away in a box. In the ______(5), Coyote and Eagle, two friends ______(6) the desert.
Coyote and Eagle had always ______(7) together, but Coyote could not hunt anymore because he could not see at night. Coyote suggested that they go to ______(8) the Sun and the Moon and make them light up the world. Eagle was worried. He ______(9) Coyote that the Sun and the Moon were very strong and it was ______(10) to try to trick them.
In the end, Eagle agreed to help Coyote. While the Kachina were sleeping, Coyote and Eagle ______(11) into their village, stole the Sun and the Moon, and headed into the hills.
Coyote told Eagle that he wanted to open the box containing the Sun and the Moon. Eagle said, “No.” They must wait until their travels and open it with their eyes closed. Coyote ______(12). He couldn’t wait to see what was in the box.
Finally, he grew so curious that he threw it open. The light of the Sun was so bright that it ______(13) Coyote’s eyes. The Sun and the Moon ______(14) and ______(15) far away, up into the sky where they are today.
Questions:
1. Why was the sky dark?
2. Where did the Kachina people hide the Sun and the Moon?
3. Why did the Coyote steal the Sun and the Moon back?
4. When did the Coyote steal the Sun and the Moon back?
5. Where did they go then?
6. Why did they have to open the box with their eyes closed?
7. In your opinion, was what the Coyote did right?
8. Which story (version) do you like best? Why?
Teks 3 : Listen to the story, complete the text and answer the questions.
Why do Hawks Hunt Chicks?
Situation: Ita saw a mother hen quickly gathering its chicks under its wings. Then, Ita looked up and saw a hawk flying up in the sky.
A : Mother, why don’t hawks leave chickens alone?
B : Hmm….. It’s a long story, Ita.
A : Oh, please, Mum, tell me. I’m curious.
B : All right….all right. Don’t behave like a five-year old child, okay?
A : Okay. Now, what’s the story?
B : Well, this is the story. Long, long time ago, a ______(1) fell in love with a _____(2). The hawk _____(3) down from the sky and asked the hen,”Will you _____(4) me?”
You know what? The hen loved ______(5), ______(6) hawk in return and wished to marry him. But she said,” I cannot fly as ______(7) as you can. If you give me time, I may ______(8) to fly as high as you. Then, we can fly together.”
The hawk ______(9). Before he went away, he gave the hen a ring. ”This is to show that you have ______(10) to marry me,” said the hawk.
It so happened that the hen already promised to marry a ______(11). So, when the rooster saw the ring, he became very angry. “Throw that ring away ______(12)!” shouted the rooster. The hen was so ______(13) at the rooster’s anger that she threw away the ring immediately.
When the hawk came a few months later, the hen told him that the truth. The hawk was so ______(14) that he ______(15) the hen. “Why didn’t you tell me earlier? Now, you’ll always be scratching the earth, and I’ll be always be flying above to catch your children.” said the hawk.
A : The curse seems to have come true, doesn’t it? Thanks for the story, Mum.
Questions :
1. What is the story about?
2. Which of these two the hen like better, the hawk or the rooster?
3. Why was the rooster angry with the hen?
4. Did the hen thrown the ring away? Why?
5. Why did the hawk curse the hen?
6. What was his curse?
Questions :
1. What is the purpose of the writer telling the story?
2. Does the first part of the story tell :
a. Who was involved?
b. What happened?
c. Where and when did it happen?
3. Read paragraph 2 and 4 again to answer the question. Did the hen face any problems to marry the hawk?
4. How did she solve the problem?
5. In which paragraphs can you find the hen’s solution?
6. Does the story end in a happy or sad ending?
7. Does the story happen in past or present time?
8. The word which are used to tell that the story happened in the past: _____________ and ________________.
9. The words that are used to tell the order of events are : ________, ________, ________, ________,________.
10. Are the verbs in the present or in the past?
11. Write several action verbs that you find in the text
__________________ _________________
__________________ _________________
__________________ _________________
__________________ _________________
Teks 4 : Listen to the story, complete the text and answer the questions.
Anne Boleyn
During the reign of King Henry VIII of England in 1522, Anne Boleyn, the ______(1) of Sir Thomas Boleyn and a ______(2) of the Duke of Norfolk, ______(3) to England from France where she ______(4) her childhood. She became the Lady-in waiting into the service of Catherine of Aragon, King Henry VIII’s first wife.
She soon caught the eyes of the King. The King tried to make Anne his mistress but Anne ______(5) it. Her sister, Mary Boleyn had been the king’s mistress and ______(6) little from it but a scandal. She demanded that the King marry her. She waited ______(7) seven years for Henry to obtain an annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. In 1532 Henry VIII and Catherine ______(8).
It finally took an unavoidable breaking with the Pope in Rome before they wed in the mid of September in 1533. A year later Anne was ______(9), but she was unable to give the King the son he desperately needed for an heir. The King was so ______(10). Their ______(11) ended tragically for Anne. She was ______(12) of witchcraft, incest and adultery. On May 19th, 1536 she was beheaded at the Tower of London. Ten days after her death, King Henry ______(13) to Lady Jane Seymour who was able to give the king a son, Prince Edward. But this didn’t last long. The young ______(14) died young. Elisabeth, the daughter of Anne and Henry VIII became England’s greatest ______(15).
Questions :
1. Where did the story happen?
2. Who was Anne’s father?
3. Who was Chaterine of Arragon?
4. What did King Henry VIII want to make Anne?
5. Did Anne agree or not? Why / Why not?
6. What did she demand?
7. How long did she have to wait before they got married?
8. Was the marriage a happy one? Why?
9. How was the end of Anne’s life?
10. Did the King have a son at the end?
11. Who succeeded the English throne after King Henry Viii?
Teks 5 : Answer the questions according to the text.
Questions :
1. What kind of the text is the story about?
2. What did the text talk about?
3. What is the purpose of Narrative text?
4. What tense is used in the text mostly?
5. What are the characters of Toba Lake story?
6. Why was Sahala surprised when he found a fish?
7. What did Sahala do after knew the woman?
8. What was the woman wish to Sahala?
9. Why was Sahala angry with his daughters?
10. What did the daughters ask to their mother?
11. How was their mother reaction after knew about it?
12. What did it happen at last?
13. Find the synonym of these words from the text:
a. To ask for (paragraph 1)
b. To speak in loud (paragraph 3)
c. To give apology (paragraph 4)
Teks 6 : Answer the questions according to the text.
Questions :
1. Why did Dewi Limaran through the snail into the river?
2. What was the snail actually?
3. Who found the Golden snail?
4. What did the old woman make surprised when she woke in the morning?
5. What did she do to know who the Golden snail actually was?
6. How can the spell be broken?
7. What did Prince Raden Putra do to break the witch’s spell?
8. What did Prince and Dewi Limaran do to the old woman?
Teks 7 : Answer the questions according to the text.
Questions :
1. Who disturbed the peaceful live of Prambanan Kingdom?
2. Who was the King of Pengginng Kingdom?
3. How was the King Bandung Bandawasa?
4. Which Kingdom won the war between Prambanan and Pengging?
5. Who was the daughter of Prambanan’s King?
6. Why did Loro Jonggrang hate Bandung Bandawasa?
7. What did Loro Jonggrang ask for Bandung Bandawasa’s requirement to marry her?
8. Who helped Bandung Bandawasa in making 1000 temples?
9. What did Bandung Bandawasa do when he realized that he had been tricked by Loro Jonggrang?
10. Could finally Bandung Bandawasa marry Loro Jonggrang?
Teks 8 : Rearrange the jumbled paragraph below into a good narrative text! Give the suitable title and analyze the generic structure!
a. Until now, one day in every year usually in February or March, people go to the south sea. On that day, a great number of worms come out from the sea. People call those worms nyale. People believe that those nyales are Princess Mandalika’s hair.
b. On the day of the compettion, those princes shot their arrows. All of them did it perfectly. The king found it difficult to choose. Therefore, the princes began to fight and kill each other.
c. Princess Mandalika was so desperate. She didn’t want anyone killing each other because of her. That’s why she decided to go to the sea. She died in the south sea of Lombok. The king and the princes were sad and felt guilty. They regretted and stopped fighting.
d. Once upon a time in Lombok, there was a kingdom named Kuripan. The king of Kuripan was very wise. He had a daughter named Mandalika. She was so beautiful. Many princes wanted to marry her. To choose the one that would be his son-in-law, the king had an arrow shooting competition. The best one would be Mandalika’s husband.
III. Writing Section
Simple Past Tense
Change the verb in the bracket into correct Simple Past Tense
Once upon a time there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She 1 ______(live) with her stepsisters and stepmother. They 2_____(be) very bossy. She 3_____(have) to do all the housework.
One day an invitation to the ball 4_____(come) to the family. Her step sisters 5_________(not, let) her go, so Cinderella 6_______(be) very sad, the step sisters 7_______(go) to the ball without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and 8______(help) her to go the ball. At the ball, Cinderella 9_________(dance) with the prince. The prince 10________(fall) in love with her then he married her. They lived happily ever after.
Answer Keys
Teks 1
1. The Sun married the Moon when the world was new.
2. They lived in a little cottage near the Ocean.
3. Yes, they did.
4. The Sun did
5. Yes, she did.
6. Yes, he did.
7. The Ocean came to the cottage with all of his friends like the crab, the whales, the tortoise, the fish and the other sea creatures.
8. No, it didn’t.
9. They went to the sky.
10. No, I don’t think so.
11. I think the Ocean was selfish, he didn’t think about the Sun and the Moon’s feeling. I don’t like the Ocean.
12. According to students’ opinion.
13. There were no light in the Earth.
Teks 2
1. Day
2. Summer
3. Powerful
4. Stolen
5. Light
6. Wandered
7. Hunted
8. Find
9. Reminded
10. Dangerous
11. Crept
12. Grumbled
13. Blinded
14. Laughed
15. Flew
Teks 2
1. Because the Kachina stole the Sun and the Moon so there was no day.
2. They headed in the box
3. Because coyote couldn’t hunt at night, so they needed the Sun and the Moon.
4. They stole the Sun and the Moon while the Kachina were sleeping.
5. They went to the hill.
6. Because the Sun and the Moon were very strong.
7. No, it didn’t.
8. According to students opinions
Teks 3
1. Hawk
2. Hen
3. Flew
4. Marry
5. The brave
6. Strong
7. High
8. Learn
9. Agreed
10. Promised
11. Rooster
12. At once
13. Frightened
14. Furious
15. Cursed
Teks 3
1. It’s about why hawk always hunt chicks.
2. The hen like the hawk better than the rooster.
3. Because he saw the ring from the hawk.
4. Yes, she did. Because she was frightened at the rooster’s anger.
5. Because she broke her promise / denied her promise to hawk.
6. His curse that the hen will scratch the earth and he will fly above to catch the hen’s children.
Teks 3
1. The purpose is to entertain the readers with the story about the hawk and the hen.
2. a. Yes, it does.
b. Yes, it does.
c. Yes, it does.
3. Yes, she did.
4. The problem : she couldn’t fly and she had already promised to marry a rooster.
5. At the third and the fourth paragraphs.
6. It ends in a sad ending.
7. The story happens in past time.
8. Verb 2 and Adverb of time.
9. So, then, before, when, finally.
10. The verbs are in the past.
11. Fell, flew, loved, agreed, went, gave, happened, had, saw, become, frightened, threw, came, told, cursed.
Teks 4
1. Daughter
2. Niece
3. Returned
4. Spent
5. Refused
6. Gained
7. Nearly
8. Divorced
9. Pregnant
10. Disappointed
11. Marriage
12. Accused
13. Married
14. Prince
15. Queen
Teks 4
1. The story happened in England.
2. Anne’s father was Sir Thomas Boleyn.
3. Catherin of Aragon was King Henry VIII’s first wife.
4. He wanted to make Anne his mistress.
5. No, she didn’t agree. Because she wanted to be his wife.
6. She demanded that the King marry her.
7. She had to wait nearly 7 years.
8. No, it wasn’t. Because Anne couldn’t give a son to the King.
9. She was beheaded at the tower of London because she accused of witchcraft, incest, and adultery.
10. Elizabeth, Anne’s daughter succeeded to have the English throne.
Teks 5
1. It’s Narrative text.
2. It talked about the legend of Lake Toba.
3. The purpose is to entertain the readers or listeners with the legend of Lake Toba.
4. It is used past tense.
5. The characters are Batara Guru Sahala (fisherman) and a fish turned into a woman.
6. He was surprised because the fish that he caught could talk.
7. He asked her to marry him.
8. She wished that Sahala must never tell the secret that she was once a fish.
9. Because his daughters ate his lunch.
10. They asked the meaning of his father’s words that they behaved exactly like daughters’ of a fish.
11. Their other was very annoyed with their father’s words.
12. The Earth began to shake and volcanoes started to erupt. And then the Earth cracked and formed a big hole.
13. a. begged
b. shouted
c. forgive
Teks 6
1. Because the snail was ugly and disgusting.
2. She was an old and powerful witch.
3. An old woman found it.
4. Because the house was in good condition, the floor was mopped and she also had food on the table.
5. On that night she decided to stay up late and she peeped from her room.
6. The spell could be broken if she heard the melody from the holy gamelan.
7. He prayed and meditated to ask the Gods to give him the holy gamelan
8. They asked the old woman to stay in their palace.
Teks 7
1. The king of Pengging Kingdom, Bandung Bandawasa that disturbed the peaceful live of Prambanan Kingdom.
2. He was Bandung Bandawasa.
3. He was a mean king.
4. Pengging Kingdom won the war.
5. Loro Jonggrang was the daughter’s of King Prambanan.
6. Because Bandung Bandawasa made the people of Prambanan suffered.
7. She asked him to build 1000 temples in one night.
8. He asked the genies to help him.
9. He cursed Loro Jonggrang with his supernatural power became a temple.
10. No, he couldn’t.
Teks 8
The suitable title is The Legend from South Sea Lombok
Once upon a time in Lombok, there was a kingdom named Kuripan. The king of Kuripan was very wise. He had a daughter named Mandalika. She was so beautiful. Many princes wanted to marry her. To choose the one that would be his son-in-law, the king had an arrow shooting competition. The best one would be Mandalika’s husband.
On the day of the competition, those princes shot their arrows. All of them did it perfectly. The king found it difficult to choose. Therefore, the princes began to fight and kill each other.
Princess Mandalika was so desperate. She didn’t want anyone killing each other because of her. That’s why she decided to go to the sea. She died in the south sea of Lombok. The king and the princes were sad and felt guilty. They regretted and stopped fighting.
Until now, one day in every year usually in February or March, people go to the south sea. On that day, a great number of worms come out from the sea. People call those worms nyale. People believe that those nyales are Princess Mandalika’s hair.
Orientation ; Paragraph 1
Evaluation ; paragraph 2
Complication ; Paragraph 3
Resolution ; paragraph 4
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